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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 



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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



A CHART HISTORY 



OF 



The Civil War 

1861-1865, 

WITH NUMEROUS SHADED MAPS 

SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF THE 

UNION ARMIES 

IN DIFFERENT CAMPAIGNS AND DURING DIFFERENT 

YEARS. 



FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 



By j' W: GIBSON. ^:;.?:;% 

■ ^^/,, ^o""*- 



CHICAGO. j^^^^ ^ 

A. FLANAGAN, Publisher. 






CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

Direct Causes — Slavery — Fort Sumter — Indirect Causes — Reasons for Dif- 
ferences Between the People of the North and the South — Beginnings 
of Slavery in America — About the Constitution — Conditions Favor- 
able to Slave Labor — Missouri Compromise — Mexican War — Republican 
Party — Dred Scott Decision — Kansas Troubles — Sumner Outrage, - 9-20 

CHAPTER II. 

How the Army was Organized — Keeds of an Army — Difficulties in Supplying 
an Army — Home Life of a Soldier — Preparations for War — Why the 
South was Better Prepared — Strength of the North — Hopes of the 
South, - 21-25 

CHAPTER III. 

Military Events of 1861 — Baltimore — Western Virginia — Bull Run — Missouri 

— Along the Coast — Kentucky — Trent Affair — Summary of 1861, - 26-31 

CHAPTER IV. 

1862 in the West — The Objectives — Commanders and Positions — Mills Spring 
— Fort Henry — Fort Donelson — Island No. 10 — Pittsburg Landing — 
Siege of Corinth — Farragut's Operations at Mouth of Mississippi — 
Perryville — luka and Corinth — Stone River — Review of 1862 in the 
West, 33-47 

CHAPTER V. 

In the East, 1862 — Study of Virginia — Shenandoah Valley — Routes to Rich- 
mond — Merrimac and Monitor — Peninsular Campaign — Lee's First 
Invasion of the North — Fredericksburg — Synopsis, 1862, in the East, - 48-61 

5 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER VI. 

Congress — Conscription Act — Emancipation Proclamation — War in the West, 
1863 — Vicksburg — Chattanooga and Chickamauga — Battle of Chatta- 
nooga — Synopsis in the West, 1863 — Armies and Commanders in the 
West, 62-75 

CHAPTER Vn. 

Events in the East, 1863 — Chancellorsville — Lee's Second Invasion of the 

North — Gettysburg — Synopsis of 1863 — General Results, - - 77-81 

CHAPTER Vni. 

Changes in the Army — Conditions at Beginning of 1864 — Atlanta Cam- 
paign — Farragut at Mobile Bay — Hood's Movement Northward — 
Sherman's March to the Sea — Franklin and Nashville — Synopsis in 
the West, 1864, - - 82-95 

CHAPTER IX. 

War in the East, 1864 — Wilderness — Spottsylvania — Bloody Angle — Soldiers 
Suffering — Cold Harbor — Grant South of the James — Sheridan in 
Shenandoah Valley — Synopsis in the East, 1864 — General Eesults, 
1864, 96-105 

CHAPTER X. 

Closing Events, 1865 — Pontoons — Sherman Moves North from Savannah — 
Wilson's Raid — Army of the Potomac— Commanders and Battles — 
Confederate Armies and Commanders — Confederate Armies Surren- 
dered — The Close — Sheridan in the Valley — Battle Scene — Five Forks 
— Lee Surrenders — Conclusion, 107-117 



INTRODUOTION. 



The general movement throughout the nation to have the Amer- 
ican flag float over every school-house is an indication of a feeling 
in the minds of thoughtful people that there is a need of some 
method by which the minds of the youth may be drawn to realize 
the value of an American citizenship. In other words, there is a 
need calling for the teaching of patriotism. 

The flag is but a symbol. The manhood of America should have 
an intelligent idea of what it symbolizes. Man may know and 
appreciate the liberties he enjoys, but he should also know the cost 
of those blessings. 

An intelligent study of the history of the nation is the only sure 
way of inculcating a love of country, and an appreciation of its value. 
The author of this little book, from many years' teaching, knows 
from painful experience the woful lack of information, among even 
graduates of our high schools, concerning the great events of 1861- 
1865. 

The events of that period were so stupendous that our school 
histories can afford the space but to touch the most important occur- 
rences. Events that cost the death and suffering of thousands of 
men are told in a single sentence. 

There is not sufficient ground-work given to lead to fuller read- 
ing and investigation of the subject. It is hoped by this book to 
give sufficient outline to lead to greater interest, and therefore to 
further reading. 

What was done, why (and results), where, when, and who did it, 
are the five prismatic colors that make the white light of history. 

In this book emphasis is placed on the first three. A knowledge 
of the why and the where in the mind of the student is essential to 
clear historic vision. 



CHAPTER I. 



CAUSES OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 

Direct Causes. — Slavery was the direct cause of the civil war in the 
United States. By the middle of the 19th century, public opinion 
in all the more civilized communities, outside of our own, had be- 
come strongly opposed to the idea of human slavery. 

Serfdom existed in Russia until 1863. Slavery in Brazil is in 
process of extinction, while the Spanish colonies still continue- to 
hold men in bondage. In 1860 our own " Land of the Free" held 
more slaves than could be found in all other civilized countries com- 
bined. When in 1860 the Republican party came into power by the 
election of Abraham Lincoln as President, the more Southern states 
became alarmed for the safety of the institution of slavery. Mr. Lin- 
coln and the Republican party did ilot claim to have any power or 
right to interfere with slavery in the states where it already existed, 
but proposed to keep it out of the territories. 

The South reasoned correctly when it said that the final result of 
keeping slavery out of the territories, would be the overthrow of the 
institution. Immediately the Gulf and South Atlantic States began 
to plan for secession, and South Carolina, taking the lead, seceded 
December 20, 1860. The example of South Carolina was soon fol- 
lowed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and 
Texas. In February, 1861, delegates from the seceding states met at 
Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a new government under the 
name of The Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis, of 
Mississippi, was chosen President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of 
Georgia, Vice-President. 

These states at once took measures to get possession of the forts, 
arsenals and other property of the United States within their borders. 



10 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

General Twiggs, who commanded in Texas, surrendered all the U. S. 
forces under him to the Confederate States. 

Fort Sumter. — Not all the important posts along the coast were 
surrendered, among them Fort Sumter, controlling the harbor of 
Charleston, South Carolina. Major Robert Anderson, of Kentucky, 
commanded at this place, and great interest centered in the opera- 
tions around Charleston, 

South Carolina demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter. Presi- 
dent Buchanan refused. It must be remembered that these events 
took place before Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated, which inauguration 
transpired March 4, 1861. 

The firing on Fort Sumter and the American flag by the Confed- 
erates under General Beauregard, on the morning of April 12, 1861, 
resounded like an electric shock throughout the North and South, 
to the extremes of East and West, The boom of the cannon at Fort 
Sumter startled the North from its dazed condition, and it realized 
for the first time that war was in the land. All sections were 
aroused to immediate action. In quick succession all the other 
slave-holding states, except Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and 
Missouri, joined the Confederacy. These states, with West Virginia, 
remained loyal to the Union, though many individuals within their 
borders joined the Confederate army. Many good men up to this 
time had fears that patriotism in America was a thing of the past, 
but when occasion called for patriots, they came in ready response. 
Eighty thousand from the free states alone answered Mr. Lincoln's 
call for 75,000. Thus commenced the civil war, a war of desperate 
fighting and terrible suffering. A most intense feeling of hatred 
existed between the two sections. In ordinary war between two 
nations, contention ceases and peace follows, when one nation finds 
that it is unable to successfully resist the other ; but in the civil war 
it was a life and death struggle. Were the South successful in leav- 
ing the Union, other sections would claim the same right to secede. 
As a result, a few decades would find what is now a proud nation, 
separated into numerous, independent states. Europe and South 
America would thus be repeated. Commercial strife and standing 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 11 

armies jealously watching each other would be the result. The ques- 
tion with the North was, shall we figHt it out now and settle the 
strife for all time, or shall we leave it for future generations to deter- 
mine ? If the nation survived, the Confederacy must die ; if the 
Confederacy lived, the nation would die. The Confederacy died, and 
with it slavery for which it fought. 



REMOTE CAUSES OF THE REBELLION. 

Some Reasons for the Differences Between the People of the North and 
the South. — In order to understand clearly the true causes which led 
to this unhappy strife between these two sections, speaking the same 
language, and living under the same laws, it is necessary to go back 
in history to study the conditions which have tended to separate them. 
Though the Southern people in their support of slavery placed them- 
selves behind other parts of the civilized world, it must not be as- 
sumed that they were wanting in those attributes of character which 
go to make up a broad and generous manhood and civilization. 
They were entangled in a social system that had grown up among 
them, and had its roots reaching far back into their history. The 
people who settled these two sections, the North and the South, 
though both of English origin, were quite different. 

The character of the settlers of the seventeenth century stamped 
itself on the generations following. During much of this century 
there was great religious and political strife in England. Most of the 
settlers of the North came to America because of religious oppression 
in the mother country. 

In former times it was considered disloyal to one's king and 
country not to conform to the state religion. Multitudes in different 
ages have had their fidelity to religious convictions tested, even to 
the martyr's death. Some of the time it was the Puritan who suf- 
fered, sometimes the Quaker, and at others, the Roman Catholic w^ho 
endured persecution for the cause he believed to be right. The Puri- 
tans of England sought a purer system of faith and worship, in oppo- 



12 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

sition to all religious forms. The Cavaliers were loyal to both the ' 
state religion and their king. 

The Puritans were largely from the middle classes — the yeomanry, 
the pride and support of England. The Cavaliers belonged largely 
to the aristocracy and nobility. 

The representatives of these two elements of society in coming to 
America settled in different parts of the country, and were separated 
from the beginning by these characteristics and religious differences. 
New England was settled by the Puritans, Pennsylvania by the 
Quakers, Maryland, by the Roman Catholics, who all sought an asy- 
lum from religious oppression. 

Virginia and much of the South was settled after the first twenty 
years, largely b}^ the other class for financial and commercial reasons. 
The northern section from the nature of the climate and soil com- 
bined, together with the sturdy character of the people, was occupied 
by small farmers and manufacturers. 

The people of the South brought with them from England the 
idea of large estates, and the climate and soil aided to perpetuate this 
ideal. The one section became a manufacturing community in which 
cities and schools multiplied. The other became agricultural with 
few cities, and fewer educational advantages except to the wealthy. 

The Begmning of Slavery in America. — In 1619 a Dutch trading 
vessel brought some negroes to Jamestown, whom they sold to the 
settlers for slaves. Thus but twelve years after the first settlement, 
slavery was planted in America. Here was sown the germ of discord 
which brought forth bitter fruit. It is interesting to note that near 
Jamestown, the seed-bed of slavery, was fought some of the most des- 
perate battles in its support, that but a few miles distant are Richmond, 
Petersburg and Appomattox, all associated with its final overthrow. 

In contrast it is well to note that in the North, Harvard college 
was founded but seventeen years after the settlement at Plymouth ; 
plantings of two very different institutions — slavery and schools. 
Each bore its corresponding harvest. Slavery spread through most 
of the colonies, but slave labor was unprofitable in the North, and 
gradually died out. 



GIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 13 

Northwest Territory. — By the famous ordinance of 1787 organizing 
the Northwest Territory, slavery was prohibited within its boundaries. 
Washington and Jefferson, though both slave-holders, wished to 
exclude slavery from all territory not organized into states. This 
shows the anti-slavery sentiment even at this early date. 

About the Constitution. — A few years' test was sufficient to prove 
the " Articles of Confederation," which had been adopted formally in 
1781, a failure. The present Constitution was framed, and, after a 
long struggle, was adopted, and became the supreme law of the land, 
in 1789. The Constitution is a compromise between two conflicting 
principles of government ; one holding to the idea of a strong central 
government, with little power left to the states, the other favored 
giving most of the power to individual states, leaving only a limited, 
delegated power to the general government. Neither extreme was 
satisfied with the Constitution as adopted. Neither was probably 
right, as it has proven a most happy compromise on the balance of 
power between the overshadowing, dangerous centralization of power 
on one hand, and the discord and weakness arising from too much 
authority in the hands of individual states, on the other. Since the 
adoption of the Constitution there have been two classes, one favor- 
ing a strong central government, the other advocating state rights. 
The idea that a state could nullify a United States' law, or leave the 
Union if it so desired, was not confined to the South. But it became 
a more fixed doctrine in that section through the teachings of John 
C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. This state attempted in 1832 to 
nullify the United States' law in regard to tariff. This doctrine of 
secession might have remained through all time a mere theory of 
government, had not the overshadowing question of slavery brought 
it into prominence. But the Constitution compromised also on the 
subject of slavery. This was not so fortunate as the other compro- 
mise, though probably necessary in order to establish the present 
government. The Constitution could not have been adopted had not 
concessions been made by both parties. 

As an indication of the sensitiveness on the subject of slavery at 
the time of the adoption of the Constitution, the word slave does not 



14 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

appear in it until used in the Xlllth amendment, which abolishes 
slavery in the United States. ''Persons held to service or labor" is 
the term used. 

The framers of the Constitution hoped and expected that slavery 
as an institution would die a natural death. 

Conditions Favorable to Slave Labor. — The climate, soil, and prod- 
ucts of the South made large estates and slave labor more profitable 
than in other parts of the country. The invention of the cotton gin 
by Eli Whitney, in 1793, was another aid in the same line. Before 
this invention it was a slow, tedious process to separate the seed from 
the cotton wool, and slave labor, as a result of this invention, became 
more than ever valuable. 

From this time until the close of the civil war, the question of 
the extension of slavery in the Union became a subject of strife. 
The struggles occurred whenever a new state was to be admitted to 
the Union, or a new territory added to its dominion. Each section 
sought to obtain the balance of power. As the free states claimed no 
right to interfere with slavery already existing in a state, the conflict 
was necessarily over the admission of new states and the growth of 
territory. 

The Missouri Compromise. — At the close of the Revolutionary war, 
the Mississippi River was the western boundary of the United States, 
but Spain held the mouth of this river. Slavery had been excluded 
from the North West Territory, but permitted south of the Ohio River. 
In 1800, Spain ceded that vast territory lying directly west of the 
Mississippi River, known as Louisiana, to France. 

In 1803 the United States bought this territory of France for 
$15,000,000. In 1812 Louisiana, a part of this purchase, lying at 
the mouth of the river, entered the Union as a slave state. When 
in 1819 Missouri applied for admission into the Union as a slave 
state, the anti-slavery people objected. The difficulty was settled by 
the "Missouri Compromise." By this bill Missouri was admitted as 
a slave state, but slavery was to be forever excluded from the terri- 
tory north of 36'' — 30', the southern line of Missouri. A glance at 
the map will show that at that time most of the territory was north 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 15 



of this line. This appeared to be much in favor of the North. But 
more territory was to be added to tlie constantly increasing posses- 
sions of the nation, causing great disturbance to its peace. 

Mexican War. — In 1845 Texas, having previously gained its 
independence of Mexico, applied for admission to the Union. The 
North opposed this for two reasons : it would result in war with 
Mexico and add more slave states to the Union. Texas was ad- 
mitted, and in consequence came the Mexican war. As a result of 
this war, the United States acquired all that large territory west of 
the Rocky Mountains and south of Oregon. By a treaty with Eng- 
land in 1846, the disputed tract of Oregon and Washington became 
a part of the United States. When in 1850 California applied for 
admission as a free state, the old slavery question again appeared. 

As a compromise different bills were passed covering the fol- 
lowing propositions : 

1. California was admitted as a free state. 

2. Utah and New Mexico were organized as territories with the 
privilege of admission as free or slave states as each might choose. 

3. Texas boundary line was established. 

4. The ''Fugitive Slave Law" was passed. 

5. An act providing for the suppression of slave trade in the 
District of Columbia was passed. The Fugitive Slave Law aroused 
much bitterness of feeling in the North. This agitation showed 
its determination in large conventions of the indignant people of 
the North, and in the aid given to slaves escaping from bondage. 
From this time the bitterness of feeling between the North and the 
South grew in intensity. In 1854 Senator Stephen A. Douglas, of 
Illinois, introduced a bill to organize Kansas and Nebraska into 
territories, and to permit the slave-holder to take his slaves there. 
This bill became a law, thus practically repealing the '' Missouri 
Compromise," as some of these territories lay north of 36° — 30'. 



16 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 



EXERCISE ON MAP I. 

TERRITORIAL GROWTH. 

Name the thirteen original states. 

There are now sixteen occupying the same territory. 

Name the other three. 

Why and when was each separated from the original state ? 

What was the western boundary of the United States at the close 
of the Revolution ? 

What states were carved out of the North West territory ? 

What state claimed Kentucky, and why ? Tennessee, and why ? 
Mississippi, and why ? Alabama, and why ? 

Why did Virginia, Connecticut and Massachusetts claim a part of 
the North West territory ? 

(A suggestion : Trace the north and the south boundaries of 
each of these states, to see where they strike the North West 
territory.) 

Give account of the Louisiana purchase. 

How many states have been formed from the Louisiana purchase? 

Are there any territories yet remaining in this purchase ? 

From whom, and when was Florida purchased ? 

How and when did Texas become a part of the Union ? 

How and when did the Oregon country become a part of the 
Union ? 

What was the result of the annexation of Texas ? 

What states and territories are included in the territory obtained 
from Mexico as a result of the Mexican war ? 

Trace the Missouri Compromise line. 

What was the real '' Mason and Dixon's line" ? 

Why was the boundary between the free and the slave states 
afterward called the Mason and Dixon's line? 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 19 

The RepuUicoin Party. — A new party, the Republican by name, 
was organized, based upon the principle of opposition to the exten- 
sion of slavery. In the Presidential election of 1856, in which John 
C Fremont was the Republican candidate, and James Buchanan the 
Democratic nominee, the subject of slavery was, for the first time, 
made an issue between the opposing parties. 

By the Dred Scott decision the ''Missouri Compromise" was de- 
clared unconstitutional, that slaves could be held in any territory ; 
and that slave owners could take their slaves into any state in the 
Union without losing their right of property in such persons. 

Kansas Troubles. — As by the Kansas-Nebraska bill these terri- 
tories were open to slavery if the inhabitants should so decide, free- 
soil men from the North flocked to settle Kansas and thus vote out 
slavery. The South also sent its representatives and war raged be- 
tween the free-soil and pro-slavery settlers. 

Both presidents, Pierce and Buchanan, took the part of the pro- 
slavery party in Kansas ; but the final result was that Kansas came 
into the Union as a free state. The Kansas struggle was but the 
picket firing preluding the great national strife. 

The Sumner Outrage. — In May, 1856, Charles Sumner, of Massa- 
chusetts, made a two-days' speech in the senate on what he called the 
''Crime against Kansas." This great effort so aroused the anger of 
the pro-slavery members and the South in general, that two days after 
the speech, as Mr. Sumner was quietly writing at his desk in the 
senate chamber, he was attacked by Preston S. Brooks, a member of 
the House from South Carolina, and nephew of Mr. Butler of the 
same state, to whom Mr. Sumner alluded when he said : "He cannot 
open his mouth, but out flies a blunder." The attack was so sudden 
that before Mr. Sumner could rise from his desk, and before his 
friends could come to his rescue, he became unconscious from the 
heavy blows upon his head, inflicted by the cane in the hands of Mr. 
Brooks. 

The effect of this cowardly and brutal assault was to intensify the 
bitterness already existing between the North and the South ; at the 



20 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

North Mr. Sumner was defended, and resolutions and indignation 
meetings denouncing Mr. Brooks's action were of common occurrence. 

Thus the Sumner assault became a factor in the great slavery 
contest of the nation. 

John Brown. — Another event had a like eflPect upon the feelings 
of the people. John Brown, one of the Kansas anti-slavery settlers, 
conceived the idea of immediate freedom of the slaves, and gather- 
ing a small company of both black and white men, attacked the United 
States arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Most of his associates were killed 
or imprisoned, and he was captured, tried and hung by the authority 
of the State of Virginia. John Brown's act was generally con- 
demned by the people of the North as well as the South, though a few 
considered him a martyr to freedom. Afterwards, in commemora- 
tion of the spirit of the act, the soldiers' rallying song, " John 
Brown's body lies mouldering in the grave, but his soul goes 
marching on," became famous. 

Republican Party. — There had always been an anti-slavery element 
in both the Whig and the Democratic parties, but the Republican 
party was the first to declare openly against the extension of slavery. 
The Democratic party became the pro-slavery party. When in 1860 
Abraham Lincoln was elected President the South was ripe for seces- 
sion. By the long struggle outlined in the preceding pages, the 
South had become so frenzied in its opposition to the sentiments of 
the North, and the infringement upon what it considered its rights, 
that it was ready to follow its most extreme leaders, and the result 
was secession and luar. 



CHAPTER II. 



HOW THE ARMY WAS ORGANIZED. 

As we are to study a great war, it is well to know something of 
the organization of the army, the terms used, and the difficulties to 
be overcome. The Company is the smallest organized unit of the army. 
A Captain and two Lieutenants are the commissioned officers of the 
company. Ten or twelve companies form a regiment. A Colonel, a 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and a Major constitute the officers of a regiment. 
The regiment is a kind of family. To be awav from the regiment 
meant to the soldier to be absent from home. From three to five 
regiments were placed in a brigade, with either a Brigadier-General 
or a Colonel commanding. From two to four brigades constituted a 
division, commanded either by a Major-General or a senior Brigadier- 
General. Usually three divisions formed a corps, commanded by a 
Major-General. 

The army was not divided into corps at the beginning of the war, 
but as it grew in number it became necessary in order to skilfully 
handle so large a body of men. 

Divisions of the Army. — 

Army Commander Senior Major-General. 

Corps " Major-General. 

Division " Junior Major-General. 

Brigade " Brigadier-General. 

Regiment " Colonel. 

Company " . Captain. 

Needs of an Army. — An army must be fed, clothed, and sheltered 
as far as possible. It must have arms and ammunition. Its sick 
and wounded must be cared for. At the head of each department, 
corresponding to these needs, is an officer whose duty it is to see that 

21 



22 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

the men of his command are supplied with what is necessary in his 
department. The Quartermaster and Commissary supply the bodily 
needs of the men ; the Ordnance officer, the arms and ammunition ; 
and the Medical department cares for the sick and the wounded. 
The heads of these departments compose a part of the staff of the 
commanding officer. 

The staff are the assistants of the commanding officer. Each has 
his special duties to perform. Each is held responsible for the suc- 
cessful execution of his specific duty. 

Difficulties in Supplying an Army. — A Union or a Confederate 
army rarely numbered less than forty thousand men. The Army of 
the Potomac several times exceeded 100,000 men. It is a very 
difficult task to supply and manipulate so large a number of men, 
and at the same time to move against an enemy ever ready to defeat 
and destroy. Not only the men, but a vast number of animals, must 
be cared for. It would take at least' 4,000 six-horse teams to supply 
an army of 100,000 men but a short distance from its "base." Be- 
sides these, the horses of the officers, artillery, and cavalry, and a 
long train of ambulances for the sick and wounded, must be included. 
These facts must be kept in mind if we would fully realize the diffi- 
culty in handling a large army. In order to be supplied, such vast 
bodies of men must move along navigable rivers or along railroads. 
The ordinary wagon train can supply an army but a few miles from 
its base of supplies. A knowledge of these things will make quite 
clear many facts of history. 

Napoleon lost his great army of nearly half a million men in the 
Russian snows because he had moved so far away from his base of 
supplies. When the Russians burned Moscow, he had neither shelter 
nor food for his army. It will be remembered that the valleys of 
Lake Champlain and the Hudson river were of great importance in 
all the intercolonial wars, as well as in our two wars with England. 
Before the time of railroads these navigable waters formed the only 
highw^ay by which armies could march to and fro and be supplied. 
The difficulty in passing that little strip of land between Lake 



GIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 23 

Champlain and the Hudson river caused the overthrow and surren- 
der of General Burgoyne. 

Home Life of a Soldier. — Does a soldier have a home ? Yes, or 
something that takes its place. He must have a place where he can 
eat, rest and sleep. He must have a social life. Even amidst the 
constant danger and the tedious duties of camp, his is not necessa- 
rily a gloomy life. A tin plate, a tin cup, a case-knife, and a part 
ownership in a frying pan and kettle comprised his kitchen utensils. 
When the bacon fries and the coffee boils — real coffee, which the 
northern housewife vainly tried to imitate by the substitution of 
parched wheat and barley during war times — he transfers his meal 
from the rail fire to the table of his invention or discovery, and eats 
with an appetite born of labor and exposure. His dwelling house 
consisted of a half ownership in what " the boys " called a " dog 
tent," which was made from two pieces of cloth about six feet square, 
buttoned together, and drawn over a horizontal stick which rested 
on the crotched ends of two perpendicular sticks about three or four 
feet high. At the open end he built his fire, and dividing his house 
into compartments, he makes his bed of knapsack and blanket, and 
with his feet to the fire, sleeps the sleep of the weary. When on the 
march, through sun, or rain, or snow — snail like — he carries his 
house and furniture with him. 

Much of the time the soldiers had insufficient food, and that not 
of a proper kind. When in camp it was often a puzzle to know how 
to occupy the time. Story-telling, whittling, games of all kinds, 
writing, reading, whenever reading matter was to be obtained, were 
the chief occupations, varied by mending and a little washing occa- 
sionally. 

The real home was an experience of the past, or known only in 
the dreams of night. 

Preparations for War. — At the fall of Fort Sumter the Northern 
people realized that war was upon them — a dread reality. Before 
this they could not believe that the South would resort to so extreme 
measures. Neither section understood the other. The impetuous 
South believed that the Northern people were lacking in chivalry, 



24 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

and would not fight ; but beneath their apparent stoicism burned 
the fires of patriotic zeal. Many of the Northern people did not 
favor coercing the South, and did not believe that it could be com- 
pelled by force to remain in the Union. " Let the erring sisters go " 
was their advice. 

Mr. Lincoln in his inaugural address said that he had no inten- 
tion of interfering with slavery in the states ; but he also declared 
that no state could lawfully withdraw from the Union ; and that his 
official power should be used '' To hold, occupy and possess the 
property and places belonging to the Government." 

This meant war should the Southern states persist in their efforts 
to secede. 

When Mr. Lincoln called for troops to put down the rebellion, 
Senator Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, loyally came forward to the 
support of Mr. Lincoln in his efforts to save the Union. The extra 
session of Congress called by President Lincoln met on the 4th of 
July, and by this time, so prompt was the response to the call for 
troops, the Union army had grown to more than 250,000 strong, 
mostly three-year volunteers. The South was just as prompt to 
respond to the call of the Confederate authorities. 

Why the South was Better Prepared. — At the beginning the South 
was much better prepared for war than the North. The Southern 
people were more military in their tastes and training. The arsenals 
and navy yards in the South were all seized by the Confederate 
authorities. The great naval station at Portsmouth, near Norfolk, 
Virginia, was abandoned after most of the numerous vessels of war 
stationed there had been sunk. The United States arsenal at 
Harper's Ferry was burned to prevent its falling into the hands of 
Virginia secessionists. Immense stores of small arms, cannon, foun- 
dries and large quantities of powder fell into the hands of Southern 
forces. 

President Buchanan's Secretary of War, Floyd, had managed to 
have most of the arms stored in Southern arsenals so that the North 
had but one arsenal left, that at Springfield, Massachusetts. 

Strength of the North. — The North was much stronger in men and 



OIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 25 

general resources, but slower to act. The South being an agricultural 
community, sold its cotton, sugar and tobacco to Europe, purchasing 
in return such manufactured articles as it needed. The North was 
full of teeming work-shops ; the Northwest a vast store house of food 
products and mineral resources. Soon after the firing on Sumter, 
President Lincoln proclaimed a blockade on Southern ports which, 
if successfully accomplished, would prove a heavy blow to the South, 
as it depended on Europe for many things necessary for its con- 
venience. 

Hopes of the South. — On the other hand, England and France must 
have the cotton from the South to keep their looms going. For this 
very reason the South hoped that these two nations w^ould acknowl- 
edge the Confederacy as an independent government, and furnish 
them aid in the contest. 

"Cotton is king" was the cry of the Confederacy, and its hopes 
of recognition and aid continued until the last year of the war. 

While England and France did not acknowledge the Confederate 
states as a nation, they did recognize it as a belligerent power entitled 
to all the rights of war. 

There was great suffering among the manufacturing classes of 
England on account of the scarcity of cotton, but they were loyal to 
the free North, while the upper classes were outspoken in favor of the 
South. 



CHAPTER III. 



MILITARY EVENTS OF 1861. 

Within a few hours after the first call for troops by President 
Lincoln, regiments from Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania 
were on their way to Washington. 

On the morning of the 19th of April, the anniversary of the battle 
of Lexington, a Massachusetts regiment reached Baltimore. Here it 
was attacked by a mob incited by Southern sympathizers in the city. 
Several were killed on both sides, and the regiment after much diffi- 
culty was able to take the cars for Washington. For several days no 
troops were permitted to pass through Baltimore for the relief of 
Washington. But General Butler with the Massachusetts 6th regi- 
ment, and Colonel Lefferts with the New York 7th, passed down 
Chesapeake Bay to Annapolis. From here, repairing the railroad as 
they went, they marched overland to Washington. General Butler 
soon after took possession of Baltimore. Union troops now pouring 
through the city gathered at Washington, securing it from immediate 
danger. 

Fortress Monroe, between the James and the York rivers, com- 
manding the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay, was still occupied by 
the United States troops, but was at this time in danger of falling 
into the hands of the Confederate troops gathering about it. General 
Butler with a large force was sent to reinforce it. 

West Virginia. — A large majority of the people of West Virginia 
remained loyal to the Union, and refused to follow the remainder of 
the state in its secession. This section set up a government of its 
own, which was afterward admitted as a state. The seat of the Con- 
federate government was removed from Montgomery, Alabama, to 
Richmond, Virginia, necessarily making that part of Virginia between 
the capitals the principal battle-ground of the war. 

' 26 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 27 

General George B. McClellan had command of the Department of 
the Ohio. General W. S. Rosecrans commanded in West Virginia under 
him. By the close of July, 1861, the Confederate forces were all 
driven out of West Virginia, being defeated at the battles of Rich 
Mountain, Cheat River and Carrick's Ford. 

Bull Run. — By the last of June a force of 40,000 men had gath- 
ered in the vicinity of Washington. The Union troops had taken 
possession of Arlington Heights in Virginia, opposite Washington, 
this being the home of General R. E. Lee, of the Confederate army. 
This position and Alexandria further down the river were strongly 
fortified. The Northern people became impatient at what they con- 
sidered unnecessary delay, and their cry was " On to Richmond." 
They did not understand that 40,000 undisciplined men hurriedly 
brought together do not constitute an army. It takes much 
time to produce an effective army. General Winfield Scott, a 
general of the war of 1812, who also led our troops to victory in 
Mexico, was still Commander-in-chief of the Union army. Being too 
old and infirm to command troops in the field, General McDowell 
was given command of forces to move against the Confederates sta- 
tioned behind Bull Run. The battle of Bull Run was fought July 
21st. At first the Union troops were successful, and up to four o'clock 
in the afternoon all seemed to be in their favor, but a panic seized 
them, and a large part of the army fled in confusion to Washington. 
This disaster was a severe blow to the pride of the North, but it 
taught a lesson that had to be learned, that this war was to be no holi- 
day affair. Immediately the North began to prepare for a long and 
bloody war. 

General McClellan was given the command of the Army of the 
Potomac. Money was voted by Congress to carry on the war. Half 
a million men responded to the call of the President, but it took 
time to arm and discipline these troops, and Washington must be 
strongly fortified. This was the work of the east during the remain- 
der of the year 18G1. 

Missouri. — The Legislature of Missouri was loyal to the Union, 
but its Governor made every effort to carry the state to the Con- 



28 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

federate side. He called for 50,000 troops to drive out the " invaders," 
they being the loyal Missourians who had taken up arms for the 
Union. 

General Lyon did not wait for the Confederates to organize, but 
drove Governor Jackson from Jefferson City, routing his forces at 
Boonville. In August General Lyon attacked the Confederates at 
Wilson's Creek, a few miles south of Springfield. Here General 
Lyon was killed and the Union forces driven back. 

About this time General John C. Fremont was placed in com- 
mand of all the Union forces in Missouri. Early in September, 
Colonel Mulligan was besieged at Lexington, Missouri, by a large 
Confederate force. After a long struggle he was compelled to sur- 
render his force of about 2,500 men. But before the close of the 
year the Confederates under General Price were driven from the 
state. In November General Grant fought his first battle of the war 
at Belmont, in Missouri, opposite Columbus, Kentucky. During 
most of the war a large part of Missouri was in a very lawless, un- 
settled state. The Confederates were unable to hold possession of 
any part of it for any great .length of time, but made frequent 
incursions, annoying the people and keeping many Union troops on 
the defensive. 

This condition of affairs continued until the last year of the war, 
the Confederacy making periodic invasions into the state. 

As the operations in Missouri lay outside the general course of 
events that led to the overthrow of the Confederacy, it will not be 
necessary to again refer to this section, though many important 
events transpired here, which, at other times, Avould be of great 
interest were they not overshadowed by operations of greater im- 
portance in other directions. 

Events Along the Coast. — In August of this year, a naval expedi- 
tion under General Burnside captured Hatteras Inlet, leading into 
Pamlico Sound. By this success the North got possession of all that 
part of the coast of North Carolina. This aided the blockade and 
furthered future operations in that region. 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 29 

A second expedition captured Port Royal on the coast of South 
Carolina. 

Hilton Head, on this harbor, became an important centre for 
naval operations on the South Atlantic coast. 

Keiituchj. — Kentucky was loyal to the Union, though its Governor 
made every effort to keep the state in a neutral position. But in 
September the Confederates took possession of Columbus, on the 
Mississippi River, while the Union troops under General Grant occu- 
pied Paducah, at the mouth of the Tennessee river. Later the 
Confederates occupied Bowling Green and Mill Springs. The Union 
troops under General D. C. Buell occupied the northern part of the 
state. All the events of the year 1861, both East and West, were but 
preliminaries to the greater struggle of following years. 

There were no studied plans or campaigns. It was a time of 
preparation. Each side had to create its army from men who knew 
comparatively nothing of war. The officers of the regular army- 
were the nucleus around which each side formed its army. Most of 
the officers from the South resigned their commissions in the regu- 
lar army and joined the Confederate army. There were, however, 
some notable exceptions. General Scott and General George H. 
Thomas were Virginians, Admiral Farragut was a Tennesseean, while 
other Southerners of less note remained devoted to the Union, 

The Trent Affair. — Captain Wilkes of the United States navy- 
intercepted the British ship "Trent," which had on board two Con- 
federate commissioners on their way to England and France to 
invite sympathy and aid. These he took prisoners and came near in- 
volving us in war with England. This was considered an insult to 
the British flag, but a conflict was avoided by compliance to the de- 
mand of England to give up the prisoners. 

Summary of 1861. — 1. Secession of South Carolina and Gulf 
states. (Jan., 1861.) 

2. Confederate Government located at Montgomery, Ala. (Feb. 
4th, 1861.) 

3. Mr. Lincoln inaugurated President. (March 4th, 1861.) 

4. Surrender of Fort Sumter. (April 14th.) 



30 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

5. Call for troops. (April 15th.) 

6. Secession of other Southern states. 

7. Capture efforts and arsenals by Confederates, (April.) 

8. Removal of Confederate capital to Richmond. 

9. Extra session of Congress. (July 4th . ) 

10. Baltimore riot. (April 19th.) 

11. Confederates driven from West Virginia. 

12. Bull Run. Confederate victory. (July 21st.) 

13. General McClellan made commander of the Union army. 
Ball's Bluff. (October 21st.) 

14. Roanoke Island and Port Royal Harbor captured. Union 
victory. (November 27th.) 

15. In Missouri — Wilson's Creek. (August 10th.) Death of 
General Lyon, August lOth. General Fremont in command. Battle 
of Belmont. (Nov. 7th.) 

16. Kentucky occupied by Union and Confederate troops. 

17. Trent affair. (November 8th.) 



EXERCISE ON MAP II. 

Map II represents the field of operations in the West for 1862-63 
and 1864. 

Locate St. Louis, Cairo, Paducah, Louisville, Cincinnati, Bowl- 
ing Green, Perryville, Frankfort, Mill Spring, Belmont, Columbus, 
Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Nashville, Franklin, Island No. 10, 
Fort Pillow, Memphis, Pittsburg Landing (or Shiloh), Corinth, Flor- 
ence, Decatur, Chattanooga, Knoxville, Murfreesboro. 

Trace the railroad from Louisville to Atlanta, through Nashville 
and Chattanooga. 

Trace the Tennessee river from Paducah to Knoxville. 

Trace the Mississippi river from St. Louis to its mouth. 

Study location of all the rivers south of Tennessee. 

All named or numbered on the map should be fixed in the mind. 



MAP -ir 




31 



CHAPTER IV. 



EVENTS IN THE WEST, 1862. 

The first object to be accomplished by the Union army in the 
West was to gain possession of the Mississippi river. If this could 
be done, the Confeclerate territory would be cut in two, and the over- 
throw of the Confederacy only a question of time. The South real- 
izing this, strongly fortified the river at different points from Colum- 
bus to its mouth. 

The second object was to get possession of Kentucky, Tennessee 
and Georgia. The destruction of the Confederate army was, of 
course, the final result to be accomplished, but this could not be 
reasonably hoped for until the resources of the South were crippled, 
and the country so divided as to make it impossible to sustain 
the armies in the field. From the nature of the case, the Union 
armies must act on the ''offensive," that is, must drive the Confeder- 
ates before them. Should the South be able to retain possession of 
its own territory, or a considerable part of it, success would ulti- 
mately crown its efforts. 

The North in order to succeed must move forward, and occupy 
the strongholds of the South. 

Commanders and Positions. — During the winter of 1861-62 in the 
West, General H. AV. Halleck commanded along the Mississippi river 
and in Missouri, with headquarters at St. Louis. 

General Grant under him commanded at Cairo, III, and Paducah. 
General D. C. Buell commanded in Kentucky, with headquarters at 
Louisville. Commodore Foote commanded the rivers. The flotilla 
of gunboats had much to do with the opening of the Mississippi 
river. 

The Confederate line extended from Columbus on the Mississippi 
river, through Fort Henry on the Tennessee river, Fort Donelson on 

33 



34 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

the Cumberland, and Bowling Green south of Greene river, to Mill 
Spring on the upper course of the Cumberland river. The position 
at Columbus was so strong that it could not well be taken by the 
Union forces, so the Confederate line must be broken at some other 
point. The Tennessee river being navigable for steamboats up as far 
as Florence, Alabama, and the Cumberland to Nashville and beyond, 
the Union army had the choice of four lines of advance, each de- 
fended by a Confederate force. 

First, by the Mississippi river defended at Columbus ; second, by 
the Tennessee river defended at Fort Henry ; third, by the Cumber- 
land river defended at Fort Donelson ; fourth, b}^ the Louisville and 
Nashville railroad defended at Bowling Green. The first and fourth 
positions were very strong, the second and third on the Tennessee 
and Cumberland rivers being the weaker points of the Confederate 
line. 

EXERCISE ON MAP III. 

(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) represent five places held by the Con- 
federates, and is their line of defense January 1, 1862. 

Name them. 

The shaded part represents states held by Confederates at same 
date. 

Name them. 

Why do the Confederates occupy (1), (2), (3), (4) ? 

What would be the effect should the Union forces take (2) or (3) ? 

Suppose a Union army with gunboats were at No. (6) , and a Con- 
federate army at (4), what would be the effect? 

Union troops occupy (8), (9) and (10): Name the places. 

Broken lines represent railroads ( ) . 

Why, then, is Bowling Green held by the Confederates ? 

No. (2) is the weakest point in the Confederate line ; how strong, 
then, is the Confederate line ? 

How much of the Mississippi river do the Confederates now hold? 

Why was it necessary first to take Chattanooga before East Ten- 
nessee could be permanently occupied by Union army ? 



J»IAP III 




Columhus 

Belmont,'^" — . *if~^5^/;77: J 

Island No. 10 ^M^l jFt.He'nry'^C'^ c^ -X' A^' ,''' / ,. " 

j^ 1 ) MuVtreesboro .^V, ,> Knox ville, .- /.. ■' 

^ ,•' T\ F N n;^E -Sc^/S /E E. ,-/- 

-^^^^ 'A / / Franklin* : ,^ W / ' " />.- N.CAR. 

MEMPHIS,.^ / \ ' \ >\>,.?; _;- / ,- .^.-r- 



s //' 


K^' ' 


, -J ,' 




\ ) 


,'^V »t-^ 


> 


V/l /'^ 


/ 


-' \ * 




35 



CIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 37 

Mill Springs, Fort Henry and Donelson. — Early in the spring Gen- 
eral George H. Thomas was sent to Mill Springs, where he defeated 
the Confederates, thus driving back their " right wing." Early in 
February General Grant's forces and the gunboats under Commodore 
Foote were sent against Fort Henry on the Tennessee river. This be- 
ing quickly taken, the Tennessee river was now open to the Union 
army and gunboats as far as Northern Alabama. After taking Fort 
Henry, General Grant marched his troops across the narrow neck of 
land lying between the two rivers and besieged Fort Donelson. Here 
the gunboats in attempting to take the fort were defeated. But the 
Union army invested the fort, and after some very heavy fighting 
captured it with about 15,000 prisoners. 

It was at this place that General Grant got the title " Uncondi- 
tional Surrender " (U. S.) Grant. 

When the Confederate commander asked for ''terms," General 
Grant's reply was : " No terms except unconditional and immediate 
surrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon 
your works." 

This victory enabled the army and gunboats to pass up the Cum- 
berland river to Nashville, thus placing the Union army south of 
Bowling Green and the Confederate army, should it remain there, 
but it did not. 

By getting possession of these two rivers, the Confederate " line 
of defense," in military language, was broken. 

General Albert Sidney Johnston, commanding at Bowling Green, 
withdrew his army through Nashville to Corinth, in Northern Mis- 
sissippi, thus placing his army south of the Tennessee as well as the 
Cumberland river. By the capture of these two forts the Confeder- 
ate line was driven two hundred miles south. The Confederates at 
Columbus withdrew to Island No. 10. A few weeks later this place, 
with a large number of prisoners, was captured by General John 
Pope and Commodore Foote, the Confederates falling back to Fort 
Pillow, near Memphis, Tennessee. 

The three victories of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Island No. 
10, advanced the Union lines so as to include all of Kentucky, Mid- 
dle and Western Tennessee. 



38 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

The Confederate line of defense now extended from Memphis, 
Tennessee, through Corinth, Mississippi, atong the Tennessee river 
to Chattanooga. 

General Halleck at St. Louis was now given command of all the 
troops in the Mississippi valley, which brought General Buell under 
his command. 

General Buell, commanding the Union army in Kentucky, fol- 
lowed General Johnston through Nashville and took possession of 
Central Tennessee. 

General Grant moved his army up the Tennessee river to Pitts- 
burg Landing, near Corinth. 

General Halleck ordered General Buell to march across the 
country and join General Grant at Pittsburg Landing. The two 
armies were to attack Corinth, where General Johnston had concen- 
trated his forces. General Halleck now had command of three 
armies : the Army of the Ohio, afterwards called the Army of the 
Cumberland, under General D. C. Buell ; the Army of the Tennessee, 
under the command of Gen. U. S. Grant, and the Army of the Missis- 
sippi, under General John Pope. The last army soon lost its name, 
becoming a part of the Army of the Tennessee. 

General Halleck had a fourth army under him in Missouri, but 
not directly connected with the operations along the Mississippi 
river. 

Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh. — Up to this time the Union 
army had taken the '' offensive," and the Confederates now deter- 
mined to " strike back". 

Knowing that General Buell was marching from Nashville to 
join General Grant at Pittsburg Landing, the Confederate command- 
ers, Johnston and Beauregard, sought to defeat General Grant's forces 
before General Buell could come to their aid. 

On the morning of April 6th, 1862, the Confederate army attacked 
the Union army with great force and bravery. All day the battle 
raged. The Union army fought bravely and desperately, but it was 
gradually driven back toAvard the Tennessee river, until at nightfall 
it formed a line near the river. One more retreat and it would have 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 39 

been swallowed by the river. The Confederates, although so far suc- 
cessful, were greatly fatigued, and had lost their commander. General 
A. S. Johnston. That night General BuelFs army crossed the Ten- 
nessee riyer to join in the battle of the next day. The second day 
the Confederates, now commanded by Beauregard, were steadily 
driven back until afternoon, when tliey finally gave way and found 
refuge in Corinth. 

The losses in killed and wounded in both armies were about 
twenty thousand, nearly equally divided, though the Union army 
lost more prisoners, 

S'lccje of Corinth. — Soon after the battle. General Halleck himself 
came to Pittsburg Landing, and ordered the army under General 
Pope, now operating on the Mississippi river, to come around by 
boats. These three armies now made a force of over a hundred 
thousand men, and so slowly did they move towards Corinth that 
they covered only thirty miles in the whole month of May. The 
Confederates evacuated Corinth and retreated south. The Confeder- 
ates on the Mississippi river gave up Fort Pillow, and after a gunboat 
fight near Memphis, in which the Confederate gunboats were all 
destroyed, all retreated south to Vicksburg, Miss. 



40 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

EXERCISE ON MAP IV. 

The shaded part represents the country held by the Confederates 
April 1, 1862. 

Compare this with Map III. 

Confederates now hold Fort Pillow, above Memphis, Corinth and 
Chattanooga, with the main army under General A. S. Johnston at 
Corinth. 

The Union army, under General Grant, occupied Pittsburg Land- 
ing on the Tennessee river, near Corinth, and is supplied by way of 
the Tennessee river. 

Steamboats can go to Florence only. 

Thus the Confederate line extends from Memphis to Chattanooga, 
with the Tennessee river as its line of defense. 

What has the Union army gained during February and March ? 

It was General Johnston's main object to hold possession of the 
Mississippi river. That being the condition, why did he fall back so 
far south, from Bowling Green to Corinth? 

Why did he not remain near Nashville? 

General Buell marched from Nashville to Pittsburg Landing 
across what state ? 

While waiting for General Buell, General Grant was attacked by 
General Johnston from Corinth. 

What did the Confederates thus hope to do ? 

How much of the Mississippi river do the Confederates still hold 
(April 1) ? 

Farragut^s Operations at the Mississippi River. — While the efforts to 
open the Mississippi were in progress at the north, Admiral Farragut 
was working his way up from the south. Forts Jackson and St. 
Philip guarded the river below New Orleans. Between these two 
forts the Confederates had stretched across the river an immense 
chain sustained by old vessels securely anchored in the river. Above 
were the Confederate gunboats and fire-rafts ready to attack, should 
Farragut succeed in passing these obstructions. Having succeeded 



MAP lY 




PFEDERATE LIXE OF DEFENSE IN THE 
WEST, APRIL 1,1862. 

Shaded part shows territory occupied by Coufederates. j^^^j ^ qq enghs. chicaqo 



41 



CIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 43 

in breaking, the chain in the darkness of the night, early in the 
morning of April 24th, Farragut pushed boldly through the opening 
with his fleet, amidst the heavy firing of the two forts and the Con- 
federate gunboats. Great fire-rafts were pushed against his vessels, 
with the purpose of setting them on fire. 

After three hours of terrible fighting, all but three of Farragut's 
gunboats passed the obstacles, and totally destroyed the enemy's 
gunboats. 

General Sherman says : " No bolder or more successful act of war 
was ever done than this." A few days later the forts surrendered, 
and General Butler, with a land force, passed up the river and occu- 
pied New Orleans. 

This closed all offensive operations of the Union troops in the 
West until late in the year. The Confederate line after leaving Mem- 
phis extended from Vicksburg on the Mississippi river, along the 
Tennessee river through Chattanooga. 

By the last of June all of the Mississippi river was in the hands 
of the North, except that portion lying between Vicksburg and Port 
Hudson. 

East Tennessee was loyal to the Union, though unfortunately that 
part of the state was controlled by the Confederates until the sum- 
mer of 1863. 

Confederates Take the Offensive. — Owing to the failure of McClellan's 
Peninsula campaign in the East, General Halleck was called east to 
take command of all the Union forces. General Pope was assigned 
the command of the forces in Northern Virginia, General Grant was 
left in command of Western Tennessee, while General Buell went to 
the defense of Central Tennessee. The Confederates now took the 
offensive in all directions, their object being to regain what they had 
lost in Tennessee and Kentucky. 

PerryvUIe. — General Bragg was sent with a large Confederate 
force to Chattanooga and Central Tennessee. From here he invaded 
Kentucky, wiiere he met another Confederate force from East Ten- 
nessee. It now became a foot-race between the Union and the Con- 
federate armies as to which should reach Louisville first. General 



44 A QHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

Buell was a little ahead. After being reinforced, he turned on 
General Bragg, and at the battle of Perryville defeated him. 

General Bragg now fell back to Murfreesboro in Central Tennes- 
see, where he remained until driven south later in the year. 

luka and Corinth. — The Southern army was also active in Western 
Tennessee. A force in attempting to reach Central Tennessee was 
defeated by Generals Grant and Rosecrans at luka. 

Soon after a large Confederate force attempted to retake Corinth, 
but met with a very disastrous defeat by the Union troops under the 
command of General Rosecrans. This closed all the offensive opera- 
tions of the Confederates in the West for this year. 

The Government at Washington being displeased with the conduct 
of General Buell in his operations against General Bragg, relieved 
him from the command of the Army of the Cumberland, and placed 
it in the hands of General W. S. Rosecrans. 

Stone River. — During the last days of the year 1862 and the first 
of January, 1863, the offensive was again renewed by the Union 
army, and the desperate battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro, was 
fought, which resulted in the retreat of General Bragg to the south, 
General Bragg leaving most of Central Tennessee in the possession of 
the Union army. In this battle over 23,00() men were lost, the losses 
on both sides being nearly equal. This closed the operations of the 
West for the year 1862. 

EXERCISE ON MAP V. 

AT THE CLOSE OF 1862. 

What part of the Mississippi river was held by the Confederates 
at the close of the year 1862? 

Compare this inap with No. IV, also with No. III. 

Battles or sieges are marked by parallel lines ( ). 

All in the unshaded part represent battles fought in 1862. 

How many are there? Name them. 

Why was tliere a battle so for north as Perryville ? 

Notice the unshaded part at the mouth of the Mississippi river. 

What event opened that part of the river ? 



MAP V 



J 




^Bowling Green ^^Ik^^' ^^ V ^ 

r -?= Mill Spring '-'^c. .^^ ^ 



VILffcv>^ '•/Kn.,xv,ll, / 



!$'//<■ Ft.PiUcSw I Franklin/ IVlH'tiees-^^ / 

MEMPHLS'O.^ '. ) Pittsburg L^nclin^^ <o , •' 



N CAR 



i/,itksl3ur<j;f /' 
*" -' ,'j'ACKSON "■"" 



luka Decajur. 






/"'■^ATliAr ... _ 
I ; \/,^ \\ i «.;\. Augusta 






>4-.~v - 




LINE OF DEFENSE IN THE 
WEST, AT CLOSE OF 1862. 

Shaded part represents territory occupied hy Confederates. 



45 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 47 



REVIEW OF 1862 IN THE WEST. 

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS OF THE UNION ARMY ALL UNION VICTORIES. 

Mill Spring (January). 

Fort. Henry (February Gth). 

Fort Donelson (February 16th). 

Island No. 10 (April 7th). 

Farragut's passing the forts (April 24th to 28th). 

Capture of New Orleans (May 1st). 

Siege of Corinth (evacuated in the latter part of May). 

Fort Pillow and Memphis (evacuated June 4th). 

Stone River (December 1862 and January, 1863). 

Result : Union forces occupy all the Mississippi river except the 
portion between Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and all of Kentucky 
and Central Tennessee. 

ON THE DEFENSIVE ALL UNION VICTORIES. 

Shiloh (April 6-7). 
luka (September 19th). 
Corinth. 

All territory gained the first of the year remained in possession of 
Union troops. 



CHAPTER V. 



WAR IN THE EAST— 1862. 

A Study of Virginia. — The operations in the West covered a very 
large area of country, extending from the Ohio river on the north to 
the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and from Missouri totlie Carolinas. 
In the East the war was confined to a much smaller space. Gettys- 
burg in the North and Appomattox in the South mark the northern 
and southern extremes of the battlefields in this region. Virginia 
offered peculiar advantages both to the North and to the South. 

Advantages to the North. — The Chesapeake Bay on the east, with 
several large rivers flowing into it, was favorable to the North. The 
Potomac, Rappahannock, York and the James rivers are all navigable 
for some distance. The North, having complete command of these 
waters, could transport its armies and munitions of war to any part 
of the eastern coast of Virginia. 

Advantages to the South. — On the other hand, the South had many 
advantages over the North in geographical position. The many 
streams flowing southeast across the state were lines of defense for the 
Confederate army. In times of war, rivers and mountains are used, 
when possible, as means of defense against an enemy. It is very 
difficult, and many times impossible, for an army to cross a river or 
a mountain in the face of an enemy. In such cases it becomes nec- 
essary to " flank " an enemy, this being a military term meaning to 
go around, in order to get past an enemy's strong position. 

The Shenandrjah Valley. — The fertile Shenandoah Valley, through 
which flows the river of the same name, supplied the Confederate 
army while passing through it. This valley, protected by nature's 
wall, the Blue Ridge Mountains, was an open highway to the North, 
and so completely might the Confederates be shielded by this wall 

48 



GIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 49 

of protection as to render them almost safe from an attack from the 
direction of Washington. 

The Confederates were quick to see the advantages of this posi- 
tion, and to avail themselves of the favorable circumstances. This 
valley became the scene of many brilliant exploits, first by the Con- 
federate General Stonewall Jackson and later by General P. H. 
Sheridan of the Union army. 

The Routes to Richmond. — In the spring of 1862, when the time 
came to move the Army of the Potomac, the question was, " What 
route shall be taken to Richmond?" 

There were four lines of advance by which the Union army could 
be supplied while moving from Washington upon the Confederate 
capital. 

The first was along the railroad through Gordonsville ; the 
second was by the way of the Potomac river and Fredericksburg by 
R. R. to Richmond ; third by Chesapeake Bay, up the York river, 
then by a short railroad to Richmond ; the fourth by Chesapeake 
Bay and James river. 

By the first the army would protect Washington at the same 
time it was operating against the enemy, but this was the longest 
route, as well as the one most difficult to gUard. 

The third and fourth, by the way of the Peninsula, made it very 
easy to supply the army by either the York or the James rivers, but 
left Washington open to attack from a wide-awake enemy. The 
second line was probably the best one to take, but the difficulty was 
that the Confederate army stood in the way of any route. 

A difference of opinion as to the best route arose between Presi- 
dent Lincoln and General McClellan. The president wished the 
army to move directly against the enemy along the railroad, his 
idea being that the same army must be met upon any road. General 
McClellan wished to move by one of the other lines, and the Presi- 
dent finally yielded upon the condition that a sufficient force should 
be left to guard Washington. 

As these two men afterward became opposing candidates for the 
Presidency, this question became a political one, and much feeling 
arose in its discussion. 



50 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

EXERCISE ON MAP VI. 

VIRGINIA. 

Into what water and in what direction does each river of Vir- 
ginia flow ? 

What direction is Washington from Richmond ? 

Gettysburg from Washington ? 

Shenandoah Valley from Washington ? 

Bull Run from Washington? 

Baltimore from Washington? 

Petersburg from Richmond ? 

Yorktown from Richmond? 

General McClellan took his army down the Potomac river and 
Chesapeake Bay, up the York river to White House, then toward 
Richmond across the Chickahominy. 

Trace his route. 

General Lee in both invasions marched from south of the 
Rapidan into and down the Shenandoah Valley, crossing the Poto- 
mac into Maryland, the Union army keeping between him and 
Washington. 

Trace his route. 

What advantage was it for him to be in the valley ? 

General Grant's army faced westward in nearly all the battles he 
fought in Virginia. Why ? 

Locate everything named or numbered on the map. 

Note the two belts of battlefields : 

I. From Gettysburg to New Market. 

II. From Bull Run to Five Forks. 

Name the battlefields in order in each of these two red belts of 
war. Do you think of any reasons why these battlefields should be 
so located? 



MAT* TI 




51 



ClIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 53 

The Mernmac and Monitor. — A short time before General Mc^ 
Clellan started on his Peninsular campaign, an event occurred which' 
caused a revolution in the navies of the world. This was the fight 
between the Merrimac and the Monitor in Hampton Roads, near 
Fortress Monroe. The Confederates had taken the Merrimac, a 
United States war vessel that had fallen into their hands at the time 
Norfolk was abandoned, and converted her into an iron-clad vessel, 
with an iron prow, and armed her with the heaviest guns. All this 
made her a very formidable, shot-proof, steam monster. 

On the morning of March 8th, she moved out to attack the Union 
fleet lying at Hampton Roads. She sunk the Cumberland, captured 
the Congress, and scattered the rest of the fleet. The heaviest shot 
of the Union guns seemed to have no effect upon her armor. But 
during the night the '* Yankee cheese-box on a raft," as the Monitor 
was called, arrived from New York. This was the first turreted 
iron-clad ever built, and the next morning she had the opportunity 
of trying her power. 

Soon the Merrimac moved out, expecting to complete the destruc- 
tion of the Union fleet. The little giant met the monster, but the 
guns of neither seemed to have any effect upon the other, and the 
Merrimac withdrew to her former position. 

Two months later the Merrimac was destroyed by the Confeder- 
ates when they abandoned Norfolk. 

The Peninsular Campaign. — General McClellan in May transferred 
his army from Washington by water to the mouth of the York river. 

At Yorktown he found a Confederate force intrenched across his 
path. After holding the Union army in check at this place for sev- 
eral weeks, the Confederates fell back towards Richmond. The 
Union army overtook them at Williamsburg, when a severe but 
indecisive battle was fought. 

General McClellan gradually advanced his army toward Rich- 
mond, and extended his right wing to the north as far as Mechanics- 
ville, and his left south of the Chickahominy river. The army was 
thus cut in two by this stream. The Confederate commander. Gen- 
eral Joseph E. Johnston, taking advantage of a heavy rainstorm, 
which caused this river to overflow its banks and destroy its 



54 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

bridges, attacked that part of the army south of the river, hoping 
thus to destroy it before the other part could come to its aid. This 
he came near doing, but after two days' fighting was driven back to 
Richmond. This is known as the battle of Fair Oaks, or Seven 
Pines. General J. E. Johnston was wounded, and his command 
given to General Robert E. Lee. 

While the Confederates were holding General McClellan in check 
around Richmond, General Stonewall Jackson moved rapidly north 
driving the Union army out of the Shenandoah Valley, and causing 
great alarm for the safety of Washington. But to take Washington 
was not in his plans. He moved quickly south and joined General 
Lee near Richmond. With these combined forces General Lee, 
leaving a sufficient force in the defense of Richmond to insure its 
safety, moved out of Richmond and attacked General McClellan 
from the north. 

General McClellan then moved his army to the James river, but 
in doing so was obliged to fight the seven days' battles of Beaver Dam, 
Gaines' Mill, Savage's Station, White Oak Swamp and Malvern Hill. 

The Peninsular campaign was a failure, and the Confederates 
took the offensive by moving northward to threaten Washington. 



EXERCISE ON THE MAP OF THE PENINSULAR 
CAMPAIGN, VII. 

General McClellan moved up between the York and the Chicka- 
hominy rivers. What direction did he move ? 

From White House he moved toward Richmond. What direction 
did he take, and what stream must he cross in order to reach Rich- 
mond ? How did he supply his army ? 

What direction did the Union army face while besieging Richmond? 

General Lee attacked McClellan from the north, and Beaver 
Dam, Gaines' Mill, Savage's Station, White Oak Swamp and Malvern 
Hill were the battles fought in the order named. In what direction 
did McClellan retreat ? 

This retreat was called a '' change of base." The base of supplies 
for the Union army had been at York river ; it was now changed to 
what river? 



MAP VII 




PETERSBURG 



THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN, 
YIRGINIA. 



J.MANZ A C0«ENGR8. CHI. 



55 



»IAT»VIir 




CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 57 

Lee' 8 First Invasion of the North. — By the middle of June the 
offensive operations on the part of the North had closed in the West. 
By the last of June the Peninsular campaign had closed in the East. 
The Confederates now took the offensive both in the East and West. 
General Halleck was called to command all the forces of the Union. 
General Pope was given command of the forces to defend Washing- 
ton ; Stonewall Jackson was again sent north with the purpose of 
threatening Washington. General Lee then moved north to join 
General Jackson, hoping, with their combined forces, to overcome 
Pope before General McClellan could come to his rescue. General 
Jackson pushed northward, but failing to drive the Union army 
under General Banks, at the battle of Cedar Mountain, passed 
through the Shenandoah Valley, around Pope's army, and destroyed 
the railroad, and captured many stores at Manassas. General Pope, 
turning on General Jackson, attacked him near the old battleground 
of Bull Run. The Army of the Potomac had been withdrawn from 
the Peninsula to aid in the defense of Washington, and one corps of 
the Army of the Potomac was with General Pope in this battle. 
Others were near but gave no aid. The second day the remainder of 
Lee's forces came up, and the Union army was again defeated near 
the fated battlefield. This battle was Groveton, or Second Bull Run. 
Pope's army falling back, all the Union forces from Virginia were 
now concentrated at Washington, and General McClellan given the 
command. 

General Lee moved rapidly north into Maryland, and sent General 
Jackson against Harper's Ferry, which he captured with 11,000 
prisoners. General McClellan moved north against the Confederates, 
driving them from South Mountain. General Lee placed his army 
on the defensive behind Antietam Creek. Here was fought the very 
severe battle of Antietam, or, as the South called it, Sharpsburg, 
where the Confederates were badly defeated, and from whence they 
retreated south. 

Soon after this General McClellan was relieved from the command 
of the Army of the Potomac, and General Ambrose E. Burnsido 
placed in command. General Burnside moved the army to Fred- 



V^^a 



58 A CHART HI8T0RTr)F THE CIVIL WAR. 

ericksburg, intending to take that route to Richmond. Again the 
Army of Northern Virginia was an obstruction across its path. Here 
in December was fought the battle of Fredericksburg. The Union 
army lost heavily and gained no advantage. Thus ends the year 1862 
in the East. 

SYNOPSIS OF THE YEAR 1862. 

In the East. — 

Merrimac and Monitor — neither victorious. Merrimac finally de- 
stroyed. (March 9th.) 
Peninsular Ganapaign. — 

Offensive operations of the North. 

Movement of the army to Yorktown. 

Siege of Yorktown. Union victory. (Evacuated May 3d.) 

Williamsburg. Union victory. (May 5th.) 

Siege of Richmond. (May and June.) 
Defensive. — 

Fair Oaks. Union victory. (May 31st.) 

Mechanicsville. Union victory. (June 26th.) 

Gaines' Mill. Confederate victory. (June 27th.) 

Savage's Station. Union victory. (June 29th.) 

White Oak Swamp. Confederate victory. (June 30th.) 

Malvern Hill. Union victory. (July 1st.) 

Final result : Peninsular campaign a failure. 
In Northern Virginia. — 

Shenandoah Valley. First incursion by General Jackson. Confed- 
erate victory. 

Withdrawal of Union army from the Peninsula. 

Lee's First Invasion of the North. — 
Cedar Mountain, indecisive. (August 9th.) 
Capture of Manassas by General Jackson. (August.) 
Groveton, or second Bull Run, Confederate victory. (August.) 
Invasion of Maryland by Confederates. (September.) 
Harper's Ferry, Confederate victory. (September 15th.) 



I»IAP IX 




59 



GIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 61 

South Mountain, Union victory. (September 14th.) 
Antietam, Union victory. (September 17th.) 
Final result of first invasion of the North, Confederate faiJure. 
Fredericksburg, Confederate victory. (December 13th.) 

The final result of these movements and hotly contested Dattles, 
was that the two contending armies face each other in about the 
same position, and have about the same relative strength as at the 
beginning of the year. 

The losses in battle were nearly equal. 

The losses to the Union army by battle were probably not less 
than 50,000 men. 

The fact that nothing had been gained in the East was practically 
a defeat to the North. 

But taking the work of the West into account, the balance for 
the year was decidedly in favor of the North. 



CHAPTER VI. 



PREPARATIONS— NORTH, SOUTH. 

Congress — In 1862 Congress passed a law authorizing the issue of 
United States notes, commonly called "greenbacks." These were to 
be used as money, taking the place of gold and silver, which had dis- 
appeared from circulation. Taxes were increased until they were very 
high, but even this amount was not sufficient to carry on the war. The 
Grovernment was obliged to borrow large sums of money. The 
" greenbacks " were really a forced loan from the people. They were 
made "legal tender" — that is, if offered in payment for debts it was 
a legal offer. The creditor must take them or nothing. They be- 
came the money of the country. 

In 1863 Congress passed an act creating national banks. Pre- 
vious to this, the states had incorporated all the banks, and bills issued 
by them were local in value. There was no general currency in the 
United States until the issue of greenbacks and the national bank 
currency. This was a great improvement on the old method. 

The Conscription Act. — Early in 1863 Congress passed the Conscrip- 
tion bill. This made all able-bodied men, citizens between the ages of 
20 and 45, with few exceptions, liable to be called into the service. 
If drafted, a man could either supply a substitute or pay the Gov- 
ernment $300 to obtain a substitute. 

This aroused much feeling at the North, especially among the 
laboring classes and those opposed to the war. When a draft was 
made for 300,000 men, riots in different parts of the country 
occurred, the greatest of these being in New York city, where 
many lives were lost and much property destroyed. 

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. — On the first day of Janu- 
ary, 1863, President Lincoln issued a proclamation of Emancipation. 

62 



CIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 63 

He had in the September previous given notice that unless the 
South lay down their arms and return to their allegiance, he should 
declare all slaves within the Confederate lines to be free. Slavery in 
the United States, however, did not cease to exist until the XIII 
Amendment became a part of the Constitution, but the President's 
Proclamation did much toward making this amendment a result of 
the war. 

In the South. — Every effort was made to increase the Southern 
army. Their conscription laws were much more rigid than those of 
the North, and the South enrolled a much larger proportion of the 
white population in its army than did the North. This could be 
more readily done as the slave population of the South was sufficient 
to supply the labor at home. 

The Confederate government had great difficulty in supplying its 
army with the common necessaries. It also issued paper money as 
legal tender, but this became more and more valueless as the war 
progressed. 

As a rule the Confederate army was well armed, but poorly fed 
and clothed. 



WAR IN THE WEST— 1863. 

Vickshurg. — It will be remembered that at the close of 1862 the 
Confederates held only that part of the Mississippi river lying be- 
tween Vicksburg and Port Hudson ; that General Bragg had been 
driven from Murfreesboro during the last days of 1862 and first of 
1863. Study map on page 45 — the conditions in the West at the 
close of 1862. 

General Grant, with the Army of the Tennessee, made several 
efforts during the winter to get past Vicksburg. Failing in this, he 
adopted the bold plan of running the batteries at -Vicksburg with 
loaded transports and gunboats. 

By the aid of these boats he was able to transport his army to the 
east bank of the Mississippi river and south of Vicksburg. 



64 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 



EXERCISE ON MAP J^. 

General Grant could not get to the east of Vicksburg from the 
north. Why ? 

Running his boats by Vicksburg and Grand Gulf he crossed his 
armies to the east of the river. 

After their defeat at Port Gibson the Confederates gave up Grand 
Gulf. Why? 

The Black river was a protection to Grant as he passed towards 
Jackson. Why? 

Trace Grant's route and name battles in order. 



*' The movements of General Grant, which resulted in the capture 
of Vicksburg," says General Sherman, " were not surpassed during 
the war, either in boldness of plan or brilliancy of execution." 

General Grant, marching his army down the west bank of the 
Mississippi river below Grand Gulf, crossed to the east bank. After 
driving the enemy from Port Gibson he moved rapidly north, using 
the Big Black river as a shield against the enemy from the direction 
of Vicksburg. 

After routing the enemy at Raymond he pushed for Jackson, 
the capital of Mississippi, from which place he drove the forces of 
General Johnston. Turning towards Vicksburg he moved quickly 
westward to meet General Pemberton, who had come from Vicksburg 
to intercept him on his way to Jackson. But General Grant was too 
quick for him. At the battle of Champion Hill the Confederates 
were defeated and fled to the Big Black river. After a short resist- 
ance here they were driven into Vicksburg, where they were shut in 
only to come out as prisoners of war. 

During this siege the inhabitants of the city suffered greatly 
from depredations and lack of food. 

During these movements the Union army lived on what it 
could find in the surrounding country, and was supplied from the 
north of Vicksburg after the Confederates were driven into the 



MAPX 









^ig 



'IjgKSBURG 



Riv.e 



^/ Br,idge 



Bj^ 




\\ Raymond 



'^Grand Gulf. 



-o* 



V 



r 



V GRANT'S \k Port Gibson 



GRANT'S 
TICKSBURG CAMPAIGN. 



65 



aiVIL WAR TN AMERICA. 67 



city. Why did not General Grant move to the east of Vicksburg 
directly from the north ? 

During the last days of 1862, while the battle of Stone River was 
raging in Central Tennessee, General Sherman made an attempt to 
enter Vicksburg by carrying Haines' Bluff, a natural protection 
lying along the Yazoo river, and to the north of Vicksburg, but was 
unable to do so. (See map.) General Grant had during the winter 
made a somewhat similar attempt and failed. 

The siege of Vicksburg, which began on May 18th, continued 
until July 4tli, when General Pemberton surrendered the city with 
an army of over 30,000 men. 

A few days later Port Hudson surrendered to General Banks, 
who, with his forces from New Orleans, was besieging it. This 
opened the Mississippi river throughout its length. The Union gun- 
boats, aided by the strongly fortified positions at different points, 
effectually cut the Confederacy in two. 



SYNOPSIS OF GENERAL GRANT'S MOVEMENTS. 

Running the batteries of Vicksburg. 

Movement of army from west to east bank. 

Port Gibson. 

Raymond. 

Jackson. 

Champion Hill. 

Black River Bridge. 

Siege of Vicksburg — Surrender. 

Capture of Port Hudson. 

Result: entire opening of Mississippi river. 

Confederacy cut in two. 



Chattanooga Campaign. — In June, while General Grant was be- 
sieging Vicksburg, General Rosecrans, commanding the Army of the 



68 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

Cumberland in Central Tennessee, began his ^movements which re- 
sulted in the capture of Chattanooga. At the same time General 
Burnside, moving with an army from Kentucky, occupied East 
Tennessee. From the commencement of the war President Lincoln 
had been anxious to occupy this country. The people were loyal to 
the Union, and for that reason had suffered much at the hands of 
the Confederate government. By a series of successful operations 
General Bragg was soon driven south of the Tennessee river by 
General Rosecrans. 

Chattanooga and Chickamauga. — Chattanooga was the military 
gateway to the South. She sat a qaeen amidst the passes of the 
mountains that surrounded her. The South could not afford to lose 
her; the North must possess her in order to penetrate further into 
the Confederate territory. Richmond itself was not more important 
> to the Confederacy than was Chattanooga. 

The position of this romantic as well as historic city should be 
well understood. 

The mountains south of Chattanooga extend nearly north and 
south, the Tennessee river flowing nearly parallel with them. Gen- 
eral Rosecrans crossed the river and Lookout Mountain south of 
Chattanooga. When General Bragg saw the Union army south of 
him, fearing that he might be shut in Chattanooga, he retreated south, 
leaving Chattanooga in the hands of the Union army. Thus far all 
seemed favorable to the Union army, but General Bragg, being re- 
inforced by a corps under General Longstreet from Virginia, turned 
on General Rosecrans, who in his changes had allowed his forces to 
become too much scattered. But by rapid movements he was able to 
concentrate his army behind Chickamauga creek. This was for the 
purpose of keeping the Confederates from going back into (Jhatta- 
nooga. Here, during the 19th and 20th of September, was fought 
the desperate battle of Chickamauga, so appropriately and prophet- 
ically named by the Indians, '' the River of Death." The Union 
troops were defeated, but were successful in holding the road to 
Chattanooga. During all the afternoon of the second day, after the 
right of the Union army had been driven back, General George H. 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 69 

Thomas, with the left wing, held the enemy in check, and thus saved 
the Northern army from destruction. The " Rock of Chickamauga " 
was the title he so nobly earned in that dreadful conflict. The losses 
in both armies were nearly equal, total loss being about 26,000 men. 

Retreating to Chattanooga, the Army of the Cumberland was 
followed and besieged by the Confederates; but soon a part of the 
Army of the Potomac, under General Hooker, was sent west to aid 
in holding what had been gained, viz., Chattanooga. 

Changes Made. — General Grant was now made commander of all 
the Union troops of the West. General W. T. Sherman was given 
command of the Army of the Tennessee ; General Rosecrans was 
relieved, and General Thomas was placed in command of the Army 
of the Cumberland. 

General Sherman, with a part of the Army of the Tennessee, was 
brought over from Vicksburg to Chattanooga. 

Battle of Chattanooga. — General Grant now had with him at Chat- 
tanooga a part of three armies. With these forces he attacked the 
Confederates, who were posted on Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge, which were on the south and east of his position. General 
Hooker's forces drove the Confederates from Lookout Mountain. 
This is sometimes called "the battle above the clouds." 

General Sherman attacked the Confederates at the north end of 
Missionary Ridge. While all parts of the army fought equally well, 
it was left for the Army of the Cumberland to perform the most 
brilliant feat of all. 

They were ordered to take the base of Missionary Ridge, but 
without orders, they, with heroic inspiration, charged wp the Ridge, 
capturing it, and thus broke the centre of the Confederate army. The 
Confederates retreated to Dalton, Georgia. The victory for the Union 
army was complete. The gateway to the South was open. 

While General Grant was wresting Chattanooga from the Confed- 
erates, General Longstreet, having been sent to East Tennessee, was 
trying to take Knoxville from the Union forces. He also was 
defeated. These operations left all of Tennessee in the hands of the 
National forces. Thus closed the events of 1863 in the West. 



70 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

EXERCISE ON MAP XL 

ON CAPTURE OF CHATTANOOGA AND BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA. 

General Rosecrans crossed his army near Bridgeport, one corps 
going to Chattanooga following the railroad, the second over the 
Raccoon, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge to the valley of 
the Chickarnauga, the third was still south of this. Where was the 
Union army as related to Chattanooga? 

Why, then, did General Bragg leave Chattanooga? 

When General Bragg turned on General Rosecrans, what was his 
object? 

The Union army was defeated at Chickarnauga and retreated to 
Chattanooga ; what direction did it retreat ? 

The Confederates took possession of Lookout Point. Why could 
not the Union army use the railroad from Bridgeport ? 



EXERCISE ON MAP XL 

ON BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA. 

The words Hooker, Thomas and Sherman represent positions 
occupied by these Generals in the battle of Chattanooga, General 
Hooker moved eastward, driving the Confederates from the north end 
of Lookout Mountain and across the Chattanooga valley to Rossville 
Gap. General Sherman fouglit the enemy on the north end of Mis- 
sionary Ridge, but could not drive them from the Ridge. While 
Hooker and Sherman were fighting the enemy, a part of General 
Thomas' army charged up the Ridge without orders, and thus broke 
the Confederate centre. 



MAP XI 




CHATXANOOGA AND TICINITT. 



^UMiifh.co'^H6titi,'.eni^ 



71 



GIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 73 



Synopsis of the Operations in the West, 1863. — First— Opening of 
the Mississippi by capture of Vicksburg, July 4th, and Port Hudson, 
July 8th. 
• Second — In Tennessee Confederates driven south of Tennessee 

river. 

Third — East Tennessee occupied by Union troops under General 
Burnside. 

Fourth — Occupation of Chattanooga. 

Fifth— Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19th and 20th. 26,000 lost 
in both armies. 

Sixth — Siege of Chattanooga by Confederates. 

Seventh — Reinforcements from East and West. 

Eighth — General Grant commander of all troops in the Missis- 
sippi valley. 

Ninth — Battle of Chattanooga, which includes Lookout Mountain 
and Missionary Ridge, November 23d, 24th and 25th. 

Tenth — Defeat of General Longstreet at Knoxville, Dec. 5th. 

A Study of the Armies of the West. — As the two armies of the West 
act together from this time until the close of the war, it is well to 
review what they have accomplished. 

Aryny of the Tennessee. — Its objective was to get possession of the 
Mississippi river. The events by which this was accomplished were : 
Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Island No. 10, Pittsburg Landing, Siege 
of Corinth, Fort Pillow and Memphis, luka, battle of Corinth, cam- 
paign, siege and capture of Vicksburg. 

These, with Farragut's victory and siege of Port Hudson, open the 
Mississippi river. It also aided in the battles which gained Chatta- 



nooga. * 



Commanders of the Army of the Tennessee.— General U. S. Grant, 
General W. T. Sherman, General J. B. McPherson, General O. 
O. Howard and General John A. Logan. 

Army of the Cumberland. — Its objective: Occupation of Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee. 

Aided in the battles of Shiloh and siege of Corinth. 



74 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

Battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga and Chatta- 



nooga. 



Commanders. — General D . C. Buell (army known at this time as 
Army of the Ohio.) 

General W. S. Rosecrans, General George H. Thomas. 



EXERCISE ON MAP OF THE WEST AT THE CLOSE OF 1863. 

What part of Tennessee is held by the Union forces? 

In what state is Chattanooga ? 

Does the Union army hold any part of Alabama or Georgia? 

If so, what part? 

What part of the Mississippi river is held by Union forces ? 



MAP xir 




TERRITORY OCCUPIED BY THE CONFEDERATES 
IN THE WEST, AT CLOSE OF 1863. 

Unshaded part held by Union forces at close of year 1863. 
Shaded part by Confederates. 



.^^ 



A^-.'^i'^^' *-^ ^^.x^P.. A^^f^.^'^ CHICAGO. 



75 



CHAPTER VII. 



IN THE EAST, 1863. 

After the defeat of the army of tlie Potomac at Fredericks- 
burg, in December, 1862, General Burnside was relieved of the 
command, which was given to General Joseph Hooker. Early in 
May, 1863, General Hooker, moving his army across the Rappahan- 
nock river, gained a position at Chancellorsville, partly in rear of 
the Confederate army at Fredericksburg. General Lee, not waiting 
to be attacked, sent a large force under Stonewall Jackson to attack 
the right of the Union army. This move was successful, resulting 
in the defeat of the Union army. General Hooker now withdrew to 
the north bank of the river. The Confederates won a great victory, 
but paid dearly for it in the death of General Jackson. 

Lee's Second Invasion of the North. — About a month after the 
battle of Chancellorsville, General Lee started on his second northern 
invasion. Moving down the Shenandoah Valley he defeated the 
Union troops at Winchester, and crossed to the north of the 
Potomac. 

The Union army moved parallel with the Confederates, keeping 
between them and Washington. General Lee moved north to 
Hagerstown, threatening Harrisburg, Pa. 

On the 27th of June, but three days before the battle of Gettys- 
burg, General Hooker was relieved, and General George G. Meade 
made commander of the Army of the Potomac. 

Both armies marching northward met at Gettysburg where the 
first three days of July was fought one of the most desperate battles 
of the whole conflict. During the afternoon of July 3d, about the 
time that General Pemberton and General Grant were planning for 
the surrender of Vicksburg, General Pickett was making that most 

77 



78 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

dashing and famous but fatal charge at Gej:tysburg. The Confeder- 
ates here met a crushing defeat, leaving more than a third of their 
number dead, wounded, or prisoners of war on this battlefield. 
Confederates lost more than 25,000 men, while the Union loss was 
but little less, being about 23,000. 

By a study of the map it will be seen that had the Confederates 
been victorious, General Lee was in a position to capture Harrisburg, 
Baltimore or Washington. 

This is classed as one of the decisive battles of the world. A 
monument on the battlefield marking the farthest advance in the 
famous charge of July 3d, is called the " High water-mark of the 
Rebellion." After this battle General Lee retreated to Virginia, up 
the Shenandoah Valley, and took a stand south of the Rapidan and 
Rappahannock rivers. The Union army following took its position 
north of these rivers. Aside from some minor movements during 
the fall, in which there were no positive results, the two armies re- 
mained in these positions until the following May, at which time the 
final movements of the war began. 



EXERCISE ON THE MAP SHOWING LEE'S SECOND 
INVASION OF THE NORTH. 

What direction is Gettysburg from Washington ? 

From Baltimore ? 

Compare this map wath the one on page 56, representing the 
first invasion. 

What difference do you observe around Harper's Ferry? 

In which invasion did Lee go farthest north ? 

Notice the Blue Ridge Mountains ; what part did they play in 
both these invasions ? 

Would it have been possible for Lee to get north of Washington 
had these mountains not been there ? 



MAP XIII 




79 



CIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 81 

Outline of Events in the East, 1863. — Lee's second invasion of the 
North. 

Prelude : Defeat of Union troops at Chancellorsville (May 2, 3 and 
4, 1863). 

Marches north into Maryland and Pennsylvania. 

General Meade relieves General Hooker. 

Confederate defeat at Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863). 

Confederates retreat to Virginia. 

Results : Lee's second invasion a failure. 

Both armies in the same relative position and strength as at the 
beginning of the year. 

General Results for 1863. — General results much in favor of the 
North. 

Mississippi river controlled by the North. 

Chattanooga, the gateway to Georgia, held by Union troops, and 
the South becoming exhausted while the North is in the zenith of 
its power ; all these point to the final result. Both Generals Grant 
and Sherman say that there should have been no more fighting after 
1863. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



IN THE WEST, 1864. 

Changes Made. — During the winter of 1863-1864 plans were laid for 
the work of the next j^ear. In March General Grant was made Lieu- 
tenant-General, the highest rank then known to the U. S. Army. This 
placed him in command of all the armies of the United States, and he 
was also directed to give his personal supervision to the Army of the 
Potomac. General Meade still remained commander of that army, 
though under the direct orders of General Grant. General Sherman 
was placed in command of the "Military Division of the Missis- 
sippi," Avhich included all of the Mississippi valley, this being the 
position previously held by General Grant. General J. B. McPher- 
son was given command of the Army of the Tennessee, the position 
made vacant by the promotion of General Sherman. General Scho- 
field was sent to East Tennessee to command the Army of the Ohio. 

Condition of Affairs at the Beginning of the Year 186 4.. — The Mis- 
sissippi was firmly held by the Federals ; but most of the country 
west of the river was held by the Confederates as far north as the 
Arkansas river. The northern troops occupied Pensacola, Key 
West, St. Augustine, Fort Pulaski and Port Royal along the Gulf 
and Atlantic coast, and controlled the waters of the Albemarle and 
Pamlico sounds. But Mobile, Savannah, Charleston and Wilming- 
ton were still in the possession of the Confederates. 

The two armies in Virginia faced each other along the Rapidan 
and Rappahannock rivers. The Union troops under General Sher- 
man were at Chattanooga preparing to move against Dalton, 
Georgia, where General Joseph E. Johnston was stationed ready to 
meet the advance. 

82 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 83 



The South, by conscription, called nearly every man and boy 
capable of bearing arms into the field. 

At the North, by the first of May nearly a million men were en- 
rolled in its armies, with over 600,000 ready for duty. 

All the operations of the Union forces during the remainder of 
the war were directed by the master mind of General Grant, who 
planned to have all the armies " pull together." 

General Sherman was ordered to move against General Johnston 
in Georgia ; General Banks, with the aid of Farragut's fleet, was to 
capture Mobile ; General Butler, at Fortress Monroe, was to move up 
the James river and attack Richmond from that direction ; General 
Sigel was to pass up the Shenandoah Valley ; General Meade was to 
destroy General Lee's army, and to capture Richmond. 

All these were finally successful, though at the beginning some 
were failures, or partially so. 

Sherman's Task. — General Sherman had with him at Chattanooga 
a force of about 100,000 men. His "objective" was Atlanta, defended 
by the Confederate army under General Joseph E. Johnston. The 
country from Chattanooga to Atlanta is very rough and mountainous, 
with narrow roads ; altogether a very uninviting country in which to 
move an army. The Confederate army numbered from 50,000 to 
75,000 men. But the conditions of the country, and the fact that 
the Southern army fought on the defensive behind breastworks, made 
the advantages nearly equal. 

A body of soldiers, whether regiment, brigade, division or corps, 
halting for the night, when in the presence of an enemy, or forming 
for battle, occupying ground with a good outlook to the front, stacks 
arms and goes to work gathering logs, fence rails, stones, anything 
that will stop a bullet. These are piled in front, and a ditch dug 
behind, throwing the dirt forward upon them. In a short time a 
parapet that would stop even a cannon ball would thus be built. 
The Confederates being on the defensive, would thus protect them- 
selves, while the Northern troops, being on the offensive, must 
either drive them from their intrenchments or go around — " flank " 
— them. For this reason, during 1864 both Generals Grant and Sher- 



84 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

man were obliged to flank the enemy again and again to accomplish 
their object. 

General Sherman had none too many men for the accomplish- 
ment of the work he set out to do. He says : " The great question 
of the campaign was one of supplies. 

"Nashville, our chief depot, was itself partially in a hostile coun- 
try, and even the routes of supply from Louisville to Nashville by 
rail and by the way of the (Cumberland river had to be guarded. 

" Chattanooga (our starting point) was one hundred and thirty 
miles in front of Nashville, and every foot of the way, especially the 
many bridges, trestles and culverts, had to be strongly guarded 
against the acts of a local hostile population and of the enemy's cav- 
alry. Then, of course, as we advanced into Georgia, it was manifest 
that we should have to repair the railroad, use it, and guard it like- 
wise. 

" We could not attempt an advance into Georgia without food, 
ammunition, etc.; and ordinary prudence dictated that we should 
have an accumulation at the front, in case of interruption to the 
railway by the act of the enemy or by common accident. 

"I assumed the strength of the army to move from Chattanooga 
into Georgia at 100,000 men, and the number of animals to be fed, 
both for cavalry and draught, at 35,000 ; then, allowing for occasional 
wrecks of trains, which were very common, and for the interruption 
of the road itself by guerrillas and regular raids, we estimated it would 
require 130 cars of ten tons each to reach Chattanooga daily, to be 
reasonably certain of an ade(][uate supply. Even ,with this calcula- 
tion, we could not afford to bring forward hay for the horses and 
mules, nor more than five pounds of oats or corn per day for each 
animal." 

The Atlanta Campaign. — May 6th, 1864, General Sherman started 
on his famous Atlanta campaign. It took him four long, blood}" 
months to accomplish his task, with a loss of over 31,000 men. 
Dalton being protected on the north by mountains. General Sherman 
went south of it, striking the railroad at Resaca. Here a severe 
engagement occurred, in which the Confederates were defeated, and 



GIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 85 

General Johnston retreated south, and took a strong position at 
Allatoona Pass. 

Sherman, knowing the strength of this position, did not attempt 
to take it, but passed around to the west. 

This resulted in the severe battles of Dallas and New Hope 
Church, causing Johnston to give up Allatoona Pass. He made his 
next stand at Kennesaw mountain, just north of Marietta, and again 
Sherman, passing round to the west and south, compelled Johnston 
to leave this third very strong position, and fall behind the Chatta- 
hoochee river. It had taken two months of almost constant fighting 
to drive the Confederates from Dalton to the Chattahoochee river. 

About this time the Confederate government, being displeased 
with Johnston's methods of defense, placed General J. B. Hood in 
command. When General Sherman crossed the Chattahoochee river, 
at Peach Tree creek General Hood attacked him with great force, 
but was driven back into Atlanta. 

General Sherman, knowing that he could not entirely surround 
the city, passed a part of his army to the east of Atlanta, destroying 
the railroads there. But while at this work, again Hood came out 
to attack him, and was again defeated. 

At this battle General J. B. McPherson, commander of the Army 
of the Tennessee, was killed. 

This is known as the battle of Atlanta, though the city was not 
taken until several weeks later. 

After destroying the railroads to the east, Sherman moved a part 
of his army to the west of the city. Here for the third time Hood 
came out to attack him, and was again driven back. This is known 
at the battle of Ezra Church. 

Finally Sherman, leaving one corps at the Chattahoochee river to 
protect his railroad, moved the remainder of his army to Jonesboro, 
twenty miles south of Atlanta, where the Confederates were defeated, 
and General Hood, having all his railroad communications destroyed, 
gave up the city. 

Atlanta was captured four months after the first move made from 
Chattanooga. General Sherman says : " Every foot of this should 



86 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

be sacred ground, because it was once moistened by patriotic blood; 
and over a hundred miles of it was fought a continuous battle of one 
hundred and twenty days, during which, day and night, were heard 
the continuous boom of cannon and the sharp crack of the rifle." 



REVIEW OF THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN. 

OBJECT OF THE UNION ARMY. 

If possible, to destroy the Confederate army, and obtain posses- 
sion of Atlanta, the " Gateway of the South." 

Battles : Rocky Face, Resaca, Dallas and New Hope Church, 
Kennesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Ezra Church, 
Jonesboro, with numerous smaller engagements, many of which 
might properly be called battles. 

Result : Atlanta occupied by Union forces. 

Losses: Union army in killed, wounded and prisoners, 31,000. 

Confederates in killed, wounded and prisoners, 35,000. 



Farragut at Mobile Bay. — In August, a little before the capture of 
Atlanta, Admiral Farragut gained possession of Mobile bay by pass- 
ing the forts at its entrance, with his whole fleet. 

The passing of these forts, like the passing of those at the mouth 
of the Mississippi river two years previous, was a very brilliant 
affair. Farragut had not only to brave the dangers of the forts, but 
must meet and defeat the Confederate ironclad navy just inside the 
bay ; not only these, but a third obstruction lay in his way, and one 
which sailors most dread, in form of sunken torpedoes. While pass- 
ing the forts one of these torpedoes accomplished its deadly mission 
in the destruction of a monitor. The forts surrendered a few days 
after the fight, thus giving the United States navy full command of 
Mobile bay, but the city of Mobile was not surrendered until the 
next spring, just before the close of the war. It was at this time 



MAP^ XIV 




87 



GIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 89 

Admiral Farragut became famous for having himself " lashed to the 
mast." The circumstances are these : wishing to see what was going 
on, he climbed into the rigging of the vessel in order to get above 
the mist and smoke that obstructed his view. Some of his officers, 
fearing that if wounded he might fall to the deck, tied him to the 
rigging. This circmnstance has since become the subject of poetry 
and song. 

It was the plan of General Grant to obtain possession of Mobile 
and open another line of supplies by way of the river and railroad 
through Montgomery to Atlanta. But, as we shall see, other events 
made this plan unnecessary. 

General Hood's Movements Noiih. — General Sherman's army at 
Atlanta drew its supplies from the North on a single line of railroad 
from Louisville, through Nashville and Chattanooga, to Atlanta. 

It was necessary that every part of this line should be guarded, 
and it took what would make a large army to defend the line which 
supplied the army at the front. 

General Hood, commanding the Confederate army, did not per- 
mit the Northern army to rest long at Atlanta. Taking advantage 
of General Sherman's long line of supply, he moved around to the 
north of Atlanta, hoping to so destro}^ the railroad as to compel the 
Union army to retreat to the north, and so lose what it had gained 
in the four months' fight. 

The Confederates struck the railroad north of Kennesaw Moun- 
tain, destroying fifteen miles of it, as far north as Allatoona. In 
attempting to take this place, the Confederates were badly defeated. 

While this battle was raging, General Sherman stood on Kenne- 
saw Mountain, eighteen miles south, and by means of signal flags, 
sent over the heads of the enemy the famous message which has been 
perpetuated in the well-known song : 

" Ho ! my comrades, see the signal 
Waving in the sky ! 
Reinforcements now approaching, 
Victory is nigh." 

Chorus — " Hold the Fort, for I am coming," etc. 



90 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

Moving around the strong position at AUatoona, Hood again de- 
stroyed twenty miles of railroad around Resaca. General Sherman, 
leaving one corps at Atlanta, rapidly followed the Confederates 
north with the remainder of the army, and drove General Hood from 
the railroad. General Hood, moving to the northwest, occupied 
Florence and Corinth. By this move he threatened middle Tennes- 
see, hoping thereby to draw General Sherman away from Georgia. 

Shennan^s 3Iarch to the Sea. — General Hood's strategy had been 
bold, rapid and brilliant, but unwise in the presence of such a man 
as Sherman, who, instead of following Hood, returned and repaired 
his railroad. Hood moving north left all of Georgia open to the 
entrance of the Union army. 

Seeing this open door, General Sherman sent General Thomas 
north with a part of his army to defend Tennessee, while with the 
other four corps and General Kilpatrick's cavalry, he started on his 
famous " March to the Sea." 

Before starting he destroyed all the railroad south of Dalton, and 
burned everything in Atlanta that could be of use to the enemy. 

With but a small force in their front, with beautiful weather and 
a country full of all that was necessary to feed an army, the 
" March to the Sea " was something of the nature of a picnic to the 
soldiers. 

The army, covering a belt of country from thirty to sixty miles 
wide, marched from Atlanta to Savannah, destroying railroads, cotton 
and public property, while in turn it feasted on the fat of the land. 
As Savannah was held by the Confederate force, and was too strong 
a position to be taken at once, it was necessary to open communica- 
tion with the Union fleet by way of the Ogeechee river, a few miles 
southwest of the city. This river was commanded by Fort McAllis- 
ter, which was quickly captured, and soon a large number of vessels, 
loaded with provisions, clothing and letters from home, steamed up 
the river. 

After being cut off from communication with friends for weeks, 
the letters were especially welcome. Savannah surrendered Decem- 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 91 

ber 21, 1864, and General Sherman sent the following message to 

President Lincoln : 

Savannah, Ga., December 32, 1864. 
To his JExcellency, President Lincoln, Washington, D. C: 

I beg to present you as a, Christmas gift the city of Savannali, with one hundred 
and fifty heavy guns and plenty of ammunition ; also about twenty-five thousand 
bales of cotton. 

W. T. Sherman, 

Major General. 

The message reached the President on Christmas eve, which 
caused great rejoicing throughout the North. 

FrankUn and Nashville. — General Hood, tinding himself too far 
north to follow General Sherman into Georgia, moved north from 
Florence, Alabama, towards Nashville. Overtaking a part of the 
Union army at Franklin, the Confederates attacked it with great 
energy, but were repulsed with heavy loss. 

General Thomas concentrated all his army at Nashville, except a 
sufficient force to hold the railroads leading to Chattanooga. About 
the middle of December, while General Slierman was closing in 
around Savannah, the other part of his Atlanta army, under General 
Thomas, was fighting a great battle, and winning a telling victory at 
Nashville, where the enemy was completely routed. 

With but a remnant of his army. General Hood crossed the Ten- 
nessee river into Alabama. 

The close of the year 1864 in the West found General Sherman 
in possession of Savannah, having completed his famous " March to 
the Sea," and General Thomas with a victorious army in complete 
possession of all Tennessee, with no enemy to oppose him. 



92 A CHART HISTOBY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

MAP SHOWING THE RESULT IN THE WEST AT CLOSE 

OF 1864. 

Shaded parts represent territory not yet occupied by the Union 
army. 

Trace Sherman's march from Chattanooga to Savannah. 

Hood started from Jonesboro, moving around to the west of 
Atlanta, striking the railroad at Allatoona and Dalton, then moved 
west through Decatur and Florence, crossing the Tennessee river, 
then north through Franklin to Nashville, where he was defeated. 

Trace these movements. 

The unshaded strip east of Vicksburg represents Sherman's incur- 
sion from Vicksburg in the early part of 1864. 

All the railroads from Dalton to Savannah, represented in the 
unshaded parts, were destroyed by Sherman. Why? 

Did Sherman occupy Augusta or Macon ? 



REVIEW OF THE WEST FOR 1864. 

Atlanta Campaign. — 
Rocky Face. 
Resaca. 

New Hope Church. 
Kennesaw Mountain. 
Peach Tree Creek. 
Battle of Atlanta. 
Ezra Church. 
Siege of Atlanta. 
Jonesboro. 

Surrender of Atlanta (Sept. 2d). 
Mobile Bay. Passing of forts by Farragut (Aug. 5th) . 

HoocVs Northward Move. — 
Hood's destruction of railroads. 
Allatoona Pass. 



MAV'JLT 




93 



OIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 95 



Hood invades Tennessee. 
Battle of Franklin (Nov. 30tli). 
Battle of Nashville (Dec. 15th and 16th). 
Resulting in destruction of Rebel army. 

Sherman's March to the Sea. — 
Destruction of roads to Atlanta. 
March through Georgia. 
Fort McAllister captured (Dec. 13th). 
Savannah captured (Dec. 21st). 
Confederacy again cut in two. 



CHAPTER IX. 



WAR IN THE EAST, 1864. 

General Grant, though commanding all the armies of the United 
States, took upon himself the immediate command of the forces in 
Virginia. 

It is probable that history does not record more persistent, 
desperate fighting than was done from May 5th to June 5th, 1864. 

The Union losses were in that time about 55,000 men. The Con- 
federate losses are unknown, as no record has been preserved, but 
they are presumably not so great, as the Confederates were on the 
defensive and fought behind breastworks. 

Battle of the Wilderness. — The Union army crossed the Rapidan 
river east of the position held by the Confederates. General Lee 
rapidly moving his army eastward struck the Union army while on 
the march south of the river. Here occurred the battle of the 
AYilderness, so called from the nature of the country in which it was 
fought. After two days trial of strength among the tangled wood- 
land, neither party felt like again attacking the other. 

Battle of Sjiottsylvania. — After resting one day at the Wilderness, 
General Grant moved his army towards Richmond, but was met at 
Spottsylvania Court-house by General Lee. Here for several days 
the bloody battle raged. 

It was from this place that General Grant sent his world-famed 
message : " We have now ended the sixth day of very hard fighting. 
I am now sending back to Belle Plain all my wagons for a fresh sup- 
ply of provisions and ammunition, and purpose to fight it out on this 
line if it takes all summery General Grant going around to the east 
of the Confederates' position was in a position to again move towards 
Richmond. 

96 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 97 

The Bloody Angle. — It is well to take a closer view of some of the 
events of the war. The capture of the Bloody Angle at Spottsylva- 
nia will illustrate the desperate fury of some of the fighting. This 
is not an exception, but only an illustration of the multitudes of 
brave deeds by both the Blue and the (Iray. 

General Grant says: "Here a desperate hand-to-hand conflict 
took place. The men of the two sides were too close together to fire, 
but used their guns as clubs. The hand conflict was soon over. 
Hancock's corps captured some four thousand prisoners — among them 
a division and a brigade commander — twenty or more guns with their 
horses, caissons and ammunition, several thousand stand of arms, and 
many colors. Hancock, as soon as the hand-to-hand conflict was over, 
turned the guns of the enemy against him and advanced inside the 
rebel lines," 

Also : " Lee massed heavily from his left flank on the broken point 
of his line. Five times during the day he assaulted furiously, but 
without dislodging our troops from their new position. 

" His losses must have been fearful. Sometimes the belligerents 
would be separated by but a few feet. In one place a tree, eighteen 
inches in diameter, was cut entirely down by musket balls. All the 
trees between the lines were very much cut to pieces by artillery and 
musketry. It was three o'clock next morning before the fighting 
ceased. Some of our troops had been twenty hours under fire." 

G. N. Galloway in the " Century," says : " Upon reaching the 
breastwork, the Confederates for a few moments had the advantage 
of us, and made good use of their rifles. Our men went dow^n by the 
score ; all the artillery horses were down ; the gallant Upton was the 
only mounted officer in sight. Hat in hand he bravely cheered his 
men, and begged them to 'Hold this point.' All of his staff* had 
been either killed, wounded or dismounted. At this moment, and 
while the open ground in rear of the Confederate works was choked 
with troops, a section of Battery C, 5th U. S. Artillery, under 
Lieutenant Richard Metcalf, was brought into action and increased 
the carnage by opening at short range with double charges of canis- 
ter. This staggered the apparently exultant enemy. These guns, in 



98 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

the maze of the moment, were run up by hand close to the famous 
Angle, fired again and again, and were onl}^ abandoned when all the 
drivers and cannoneers had fallen. The battle was now to white 
heat. The rain continued to fall, and clouds of smoke hung over 
the scene. Like leeches we stuck to the work, determined by our fire 
to keep the enemy from rising up. Captain John D. Fish, of Upton's 
staff, who had until this time performed valuable service in convey- 
ing ammunition to the gunners, fell, pierced by a bullet. This brave 
officer seemed to court death as he rode back and forth between the 
caissons and cannoneers with stands of canister under his ' gum ' 
coat, ' Give it to them, boys ! I'll bring you the canister,' said he, 
and as he turned to cheer the gunners he fell from his horse, mortally 
wounded. 

"Towards dusk preparations were made to relieve us. By this 
time we were nearly exhausted, and had fired three to four hundred 
rounds of ammunition per man. Our lips were encrusted with pow- 
der from 'biting cartridge.' Our shoulders and hands were coated 
with mud that had adhered to the butts of our rifles. When dark- 
ness came we dropped from exhaustion. About midnight, after 
twenty hours of constant fighting, Lee withdrew from the contest, 
leaving the Angle in our possession." 

Soldiers Suffer as Well as Fight and Die. — The same writer, in 
speaking of the difficulties of the situation, says : " The storm which 
had set in early in the afternoon of the 11th of May continued with 
great severity, and but little rest was obtained during the night. 
Soon after dark, however, a remarkable change in the weather took 
place, and it became raw and disagreeable ; the men gathered in small 
groups about half-drowned fires, with their tents stretched around 
their shoulders, while some had hastily pitched the canvas on the 
ground, and sought shelter beneath the rumpled and dripping folds. 
Others rolled themselves up, and lay close to the simmering logs, 
eager to catch a few moments sleep ; many crouched about without 
any shelter whatever, presenting a pitiable sight." 

Grant Again Mores. — General Grant, again moving by the " left 
flank," started for Richmond, and was again headed off by General 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 99 

Lee at North Anna river. Finding the position at this place too 
strong, General Grant again moved around the Confederate army with 
the idea of getting between it and Richmond. 

Cold Harbor. — This move brought on the battle of Cold Harbor, 
at which place the Union army met with a severe repulse. 

General Grant 3Ioves South of the James River. — After a few days 
around Cold Harbor, General Grant moved his whole army south of 
the James river, and attempted to take Petersburg, a position twenty 
miles south of Richmond. Failing in this, the siege of Petersburg and 
Richmond commenced. This siege continued until April 1st, 1865, 
a period of eight months. It will be remembered that while General 
Grant was moving overland, General Butler moved up the James 
river, occupying City Point and other strong positions. The fact of 
his being at this place aided very much in General Grant's move- 
ments south of the James river. 

General Grant's movements from the Rapidan to Cold Harbor is 
called "The Overland Campaign," in contrast to the route taken by 
General McClellan two years before. While operating around Spott- 
sylvania and North Anna, the army was supplied by way of Belle 
Plain or Fredericksburg and the Rappahannock river. While around 
Cold Harbor its supplies came by way of York river. After moving 
to the south of Richmond, the James river became the line of sup- 
ply. It will be seen that General Grant made use of all the routes 
under discussion in the early part of the war. 



100 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

EXERCISE ON MAP OF GENERAL GRANT'S OVERLAND 

CAMPAIGN. 

Trace General Grant's line of operations. 

What rivers did he cross ? 

Name them in order. 

How many great battles were fought? 



Operations in the Valley. — While General Grant was moving 
against the main Confederate army, General Sigel passing up the 
Shenandoah Valley was defeated at New Market. General Hunter 
superseding him in command, again moved up the valley, going as 
far as Lynchburg ; but in retreating passed over to West Virginia, 
and left unprotected that natural highway to the North, the Shenan- 
doah Valley. General Early was quickly dispatched to Maryland, 
defeating the Union troops at Monocacy, and came near capturing 
Washington before troops could be sent to its protection. 

General P. H. Sheridan, who had commanded the cavalry of the 
Army of the Potomac during General Grant's movements, was now 
given command of the forces in the valley. He first defeated the 
Confederates at Winchester, then at Fisher's Hill, driving them from 
the valley. But it was too valuable for the Confederates to lose. 

Again sending more forces into the valley, they attacked and at 
first defeated the Union army at Cedar Creek. This defeat occurred 
early in the morning, Sheridan being at Winchester, " twenty miles 
away." On hearing the firing, he rode rapidly to the front, meeting 
the fugitives from the defeated army. The enemy stopping to pillage 
the Union camps, Sheridan had time to stop and re-form his army. 
There was still time to win a victory, and on that afternoon the 
Union army moved against the Confederates, and before dark won a 
complete victory. 

Never again did the South try to regain this famous valley. 



i»rA>p xvj. 




yiROINIA 1864. 
GRANT'S OVERLAND CAMPAIGN. 



Shaded Confederate ^ „ , ^ . ^ . „ „ , 

Unshaded Federal Parallel Lines BattJleftelds 

X.MANZ A CO^ ENGR8>, CHI. 



101 



CTXIL WAR IN AMERICA. 103 

REVIEW OF 1804 IN THE EAST. 

Objective — Richmond. 

1. General Butler moves up the James river and occupies City 
Point. 

2. General Sigel moves up the Shenandoah Valley and is de- 
feated at New Market. 

3. General Hunter again moves up the valley and lets the door 
open for General Early to enter the North. 

4. Battle of Monocacy. Washington in danger. 

5. General Sheridan in command wins battles of Winchester 
(Sept. 19th), Fisher's Hill (Sept. 22nd) and Cedar Creek. 

6. The valley cleared. 

grant's movements. 

(a) Crosses the Rapidan river. 

(b) Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-6th). 

(c) Battle of Spottsylvania. 

(d) Battle of North Anna. 

(e) Battle of Cold Harbor. 

7. Grant's whole army south of James river. 

8. Siege of Petersburg. 

9. Result : Union army gains a position which leads to the 
final defeat and surrender of Lee's army the next year. 

General Results at the Close of 1864,. — The fighting for this year 
had been more desperate and long continued than at any time 
previous . 

At the close of 1864, in the West and South, General Thomas and 
General Sherman each had an army that could go anywhere in the 
Confederacy without serious resistance. General Thomas was in 
Tennessee preparing to move both east towards Virginia and south 
towards Selma and Montgomery. General Sherman at Savannah 
was preparing to move north through the Carolinas to cut another 
swath of destruction. 

General Grant and General Lee were in a death grapple around 
Richmond and Petersburg. General Sheridan in the Shenandoah 



104 A CHART HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

Valley was ready to move south. Thus were Grant, Sherman, 
Thomas and Sheridan all converging toward Richmond, making 
General Lee's escape, with the only remaining Confederate army, al- 
most impossible. 

More than all the Confederates were exhausted. Men lost now 
could not be replaced. They had fought to the utmost of their 
strength and were fast losing ground. 



EXERCISE ON MAP OF VIRGINIA AT CLOSE OF 1864, 
SHOWING RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE TWO SIDES. 

The shaded parts represent territory under Confederate control. 

Note that General Grant's lines are south of Petersburg. His 
object was to get to the two railroads west of his lines. 

Why? 

He reached them in April of the next year. 

In the meantime Sheridan had destroyed everything north of the 
James river. 

Why, then, should Lee leave Richmond ? 

General Lee in retreating from Richmond withdrew his army 
from Petersburg and Richmond between the Appomattox and the 
James rivers. He then attempted to retreat to Burksville but 
General Grant from Petersburg headed him off. 

I^ee then attempted to reach Lynchburg, but General Sheridan 
got ahead of him at Appomattox Court-house, while General Meade 
was following. Lee then surrendered. 

What direction did the armies move in the retreat ? 



MAP XVII 




^$$ $m\\\W$?^;M:^$^$$^:?$$^^^ 



yiRGIMA AT CLOSE OF 1861. 

Shaded - Confederate. Unshaded - Federal. 



J.MANZ d CO-i ENOR'S, CMI 



105 



CHAPTER X. 



CLOSING EVENTS, 1865. 

MOVEMENT OF WESTERN ARMIES. 

Pontoons. — General Sherman moving from Chattanooga, through 
Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia and Fayetteville to Goldsboro, North 
Carolina, must cross at least twelve rivers. Of course all bridges, if 
any existed, were burned or otherwise destroyed by the enemy before 
the Northern army came near them. 

While General Sherman is resting at Savannah, it may prove 
interesting to examine his plans for moving his army across these 
rivers. 

A common pontoon bridge is made by anchoring boats side by 
side a few feet apart, and connecting them by timbers securely 
fastened. Across these timbers are placed board flooring. But 
General Sherman could not carry large boats. His pontoons were 
merely frames which could be fastened in shape of a scow-boat. 
Under and around these frames was stretched thick canvas cloth, 
this cloth forming the sides and bottom of the boat. Across these 
frail bridges all the immense trains, artillery and cavalry, as well as 
the infantry, passed. 

Sherman Moves North. — In February, General Sherman having 
rested his army, loaded his wagons for another march, starting north 
through the Carolinas. At first his progress was much impeded 
through the swamps along the coast, but on reaching higher ground, 
with a small opposing force, he was soon in the heart of South Caro- 
lina. 

Columbia was captured February 17th. 

Much of the city was burned while in possession of the Northern 

107 



108 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

army. The Union soldiers present made efforts to save the city, but 
in vain. 

Destroying all railroads and public property on his route, Gen- 
eral Sherman moved northeast through Fayetteville to Goldsboro, 
North Carolina. The Confederates, collecting what forces they could 
to resist the march of the Union army, placed them under General 
Johnston. 

iVt Averysboro, and two days later at Bentonville, Johnston 
attempted to defeat a part of Sherman's army while on the march: 
Being frustrated in both of these attempts, he withdrew to Raleigh, 
and Sherman passed on to Goldsboro. 

Here he met a Union force under General Schofield, and again 
the Union soldiers found food, clothing and mail awaiting them. 

While General Sherman was going north. General Grant had 
sent a force against Fort Fisher at the mouth of the Cape Fear 
river. This fort, by the aid of the navy under Admiral Porter, Avas 
captured, and Wilmington soon after surrendered. 

Charleston, South Carolina, was evacuated while Sherman was in 
the state. As a consequence of Sherman's movements, all of the 
Atlantic coast fell into the hands of the Union forces. 

It will be remembered that General Schofield fought at the bat- 
tles of Franklin and Nashville in December. How, then, do we 
find him in North Carolina in March ? After the defeat of General 
Hood at Nashville, General Grant had ordered Schofield's army 
around b}^ railroads and boats to North Carolina to aid Sherman in 
his march northward. So, again, much of the old Atlanta army was 
together in North Carolina. After allowing his army to rest at 
Goldsboro a few days. General Sherman was to have moved against 
Johnston at Raleigh, or against Richmond in aid of General Grant, 
but Sherman's army had fought its last battle, and earned its rest, 
which proved to be a long one. 

While on the march to Raleigh the news of the surrender of 
General Lee reached Sherman's army amid the shouts and huzzas of 
the war-wearied veterans. A few days later Johnston surrendered 
to General Sherman, who, with his army, marched with light steps 



CIYIL WAR IN AMERICA. 109 

and lighter hearts to the grand review at Washington, then away to 
the far-away homes. 

REVIEW— SHERMAN'S MARCH NORTH. 

PLACES. 

Cohimbia (February 17th). 

Fayetteville (March 11th). 

Goldsboro (March 21st). 

Charleston surrendered (February 18th). 

Wilmington surrendered (February 22d, 1865). 

BATTLES. 

Averysboro, Benton ville. 



Wil80in!8 Raid. — About the time that Sherman was completing his 
march northward, General J. H. Wilson started with a force of 12,000 
cavalry from East Port, Alabama. Moving south he captured Selma 
and Montgomery, and was at Macon, Georgia, when the war closed. 

While General Thomas was destroying Hood's army at Nashville, 
and General Sherman was eating out the heart of the Confederacy, 
and General Wilson with his cavalry was careering where he would. 
General Grant was holding the last Confederate army in his grasp at 
Petersburg and Richmond. 



REVIEW OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 

COMMANDERS. 

General Irvin McDowell. 
General George B. McClellan. 
General A. E. Burnside. 
General Joseph Hooker. 
General George G. Meade. 



110 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

General U. S. Grant, also commander-in-chief of all the United 
States army. " 

In Shenandoah Valley, General P. H. Sheridan. 

BATTLES FOUGHT. 

Peninsular Campaign. — Bull Run, Yorktown, Williamsburg, Siege 
of Richmond, Seven Pines, Beaver Dam, Gaines' Mill, Savage's 
Station, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill. 

Lee's First Invasion. — Second Bull Run, Harper's Ferry, South 
Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. 

Lee's Second Invasion. — Gettysburg. 

Ch'anfs Overland Campaign. — AYilderness, Spottsylvania, North 
Anna, Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg and Richmond, Five Forks, 
Sailors' Creek, Lee's surrender. 



MAP OF SHERMAN'S MOVEMENTS FROM MAY 1, 1864, 

TO MAY 1, 1865. 

The unshaded belt shows the territory covered by his army 
during that time. 

Name the rivers in order which Sherman's army must cross in 
his two marches. What two marches ? 

Name the large cities captured by him during the same time. 

The light shade belt from Florence, through Selma, Montgomery, 
represents Wilson's raid in progress when the war closed. Through 
what states did he march ? 



COMMANDERS OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMIES DURING 

THE CIVIL WAR. 

ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA. 

General P. G. T. Beauregard. 
General Joseph E. Johnston. 
General Robert E. Lee. 



MAP XVIII 




111 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 113 



IN SHENANDOAH VALLEY. 

General (Stonewall) T. J. Jackson. 
General Jubal Early. 

IV THE AVEST — IN WESTERN TENNESSEE AND ALONG MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

General Albert Sidney Johnston (killed at Shiloh). 
General P. G. T. Beauregard. 
General Pemberton. 

IN CENTRAL TENNESSEE AND GEORGIA. 

General Braxton Bragg. 
General Joseph E. Johnston. 
General J. B. Hood. 

CONFEDERATE ARMIES SURRENDERED TO THE UNION FORCES. 

General S. B. Buckner to General U. S. Grant at Fort Donelson. 

General Pemberton to General U. S. Grant at Vicksburg. . 

General R. E. Lee to General U. S. Grant at Appomattox Court 
House. 

General J. E. Johnston to General W. T. Sherman in North Caro- 
lina. 

General J. B. Hood's army destroyed in Central Tennessee by 
General George H. Thomas. 

Other Confederate forces surrendered at close of war. 



IN THE EAST, 1865— THE CLOSE. 

During the winter General Grant had continued the siege of 
Petersburg, working his way around to the west with the intention 
of reaching the railroads that supplied Richmond. In March, while 
Sherman was moving north. General Sheridan with a large force of 
cavalry was moving south from the Shenandoah Valley. Passing 
down the James river near Lynchburg, he destroyed the canal 
along the James river, thereby cutting off the source of supplies to 



114 -A CHART HISTORY OF THE 



Richmond. Moving around north of Richmond he reached General 
Grant at City Point. 

During the latter part of March, General Grant moved General 
Sheridan with his cavalry to the west of Petersburg to attack the 
Confederates at Five Forks on the south side railroad. Here 
General Sheridan won a brilliant victory April 1st. 



A BATTLE SCENE FROM FIVE FORKS. 

[From Horace Porter in Century War Papers.] 

'' Sheridan now rushed into the midst of the broken lines, and 
cried out, ' Where is my battle flag ? ' As the sergeant who carried 
it rode up, Sheridan seized the crimson and white standard, waved 
it above his head, cheered on the men, and made great efforts to 
close up the ranks. Bullets were humming like a swarm of bees. 
One pierced the battle flag, another killed the sergeant who carried 
it, another wounded Captain McGonnigle in the side, others struck 
two or three of the staff officers' horses. All this time Sheridan was 
dashing from one point of the line to another, waving his flag, 
shaking his fists, encouraging, threatening, praying, swearing — the 
very incarnation of battle. It would be a sorry soldier who could 
help following such a leader. 

" Ayers and his officers were equally exposing themselves in rally- 
ing the men, and these veterans soon rushed forward with a rousing 
cheer, and dashed over the earth-works sweeping ever3^thing before 
them, and killing or capturing every man in their immediate front 
whose legs had not saved him. 

" Sheridan rode ' Rienzi,' the famous horse that had once carried 
him twenty miles from Winchester.' The General spurred him 
up to the angle, and with a bound, he carried his rider over the 
earth-works, and landed in the midst of a line of prisoners who 
had thrown down their arms and were crouching close under the 
breastworks. 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. 115 

" Some of them called out, ' Wliar do you want us to go? ' Then 
Sheridan's rage turned to humor, and he had a running talk with 
the 'Johnnies' as the}^ filed past. 'Go right over there,' he cried, 
pointing to the rear, 'get right along now, drop your guns, you'll 
never need them any more. You'll all be safe over there. Are 
there any more of you? We want every one of you fellows.' 

" Nearly 5,000 prisoners' were captured at this battle. The cavalry 
commanded by the gallant Merritt had made a final dash, had gone 
over the earth-works with a hurrah, captured a battery of artillery, 
and scattered everything in front of them. Here Custer, Devin, 
Fitzhugh and the other cavalry leaders were in their element, and 
vied with each other in deeds of valor." 

The next morning General Grant attacked the Confederate lines 
around Petersburg, driving them into the city, and taking many 
prisoners. 

During this battle, while Jefferson Davis was attending church, 
he received a dispatch from General Lee saying that his lines were 
broken and that Petersburg and Richmond must be evacuated. 

That night — April 3rd — General Lee withdrew from Petersburg 
and Richmond, hoping to reach Danville. But General Grant was 
too far south of him. Finding the Union army in his front, Lee 
attempted to reach Lynchburg to the west, but a large part of his 
trains and thousands of his men were captured. 

Lee, finding General Sheridan in his front at Appomattox Court- 
house, and General Meade following him, surrendered the remainder 
of his army to General Grant, April 9th. 

Considering the long and' bitter struggle, probably no terms of 
surrender known to history, were more magnanimous than those 
named by General Grant, of which the following is a copy : 

General R. E. Lee, 

Commanding C. S. A. 
General : In accordance with the substance of my letter to you 
of the 8th inst., I propose to receive the surrender of the army of N. 
Virginia on the following terms, to-wit : Rolls of all officers and 



116 A CHART HISTORY OF THE 

men to be made in duplicate. One copy to be given to an officer 
designated by me, the other to be returned by such officer or officers 
as you may designate. 

The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms 
against the Government of the United States until properly ex- 
changed, and each company or regimental commander sign a like 
parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery and 
public property to be packed and stacked, and turned over to the 
officer appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the 
side arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This 
done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes, 
not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they ob- 
serve their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside. 

Very respectfully, 

U. S. GRANT, 
Lieutenant- General. 

These conditions were formally accepted by General Lee, and 
peace at last dawned upon the land. 

" The charges were now withdrawn from her guns, the camp fires 
were left to smoulder in their ashes, the flags were tenderly furled — 
those historic banners, battle-stained, bullet-riddled, many of them 
but remnants of their former selves, with scarcely enough left of 
them on which to imprint the names of the battles they had seen — 
and the Army of the Union and the Army of Northern Virginia 
turned their backs upon each other for the first time in four long, 
bloody years." — Porter. 

A few days later, General Johnston in North Carolina surren- 
dered his army to General Sherman on the same terms granted by 
General Grant. 

In a few weeks all the other forces of the Confederacy, following 
the example of General Johnston, surrendered to the Union armies. 

President Lincoln died on April 14th at the hands of the assassin, 
J. Wilkes Booth. 

Mingled with the bells of rejoicing at the surrender of General 
Lee, were the tolling bells for the death of our beloved President. 



CIVIL WAR IIS AMERICA. 117 

Mingled with the sweets of peace were the bitter fruits of war. 
Probably not less than half a million graves of the divided American 
brotherhood, dotted the battle-fields of the sunny Southland. 

The United States owed a debt of nearly three billion dollars at 
the close of the war. Over a million Union soldiers went back into 
the quiet pursuits of civil life without disturbance of any kind, prob- 
ably the only occurrence of the kind known to history. 

The South was not so fortunate on account of the overthrow of 
their peculiar social system. Much strife was continued there for 
many years. The slaves were not only made free, but by the XV 
amendment were also made voters. 

The war and its lessons should not be forgotten. We should 
know the value of our inheritance. Other problems must be solved. 
Each generation has its own to solve. The generation of 1860 settled 
the question of African slavery and of a permanent Union. It is for 
the future generations to look well to other forms of slavery, and to 
xnake the Union worthy of permanency. 



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